BackgroundAn increase in the prevalence of overweight and asthma has been observed. Both conditions affect negatively lung function in adults and children. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of overweight and asthma on lung function in children.MethodsWe designed a case–control study of healthy and asthmatic subjects nested within an epidemiological asthma prevalence study in children between 8 and 16 years of age. The effect of asthma and overweight on lung function was assessed by impulse oscillometry and spirometry obtained at baseline and 10–15 min after salbutamol.Results188 children were recruited, 114 (61%) were asthmatics and 72 (38%) were overweight or obese. Children with asthma and overweight had a higher FVC (+1.16 z scores, p < 0.001) and higher FEV1 (+0.79 z scores, p = 0.004) and lower FEV1/FVC (−0.54 z scores, p = 0.008) when compared to healthy controls. Compared to normal weight asthmatics, the overweight had higher FVC (+0.78 z scores, p = 0.005) and lower FEV1/FVC (−0.50 z scores, p = 0.007). In the multivariate analysis, overweight was associated with an increase of 0.71 and 0.44 z scores in FVC and FEV1, respectively, and a reduction in FEV1/FVC by 0.40 z scores (p < 0.01 for all). Overweight had no effect on maximal flows and airway resistance at baseline, and this was not modified by inhalation of a bronchodilator. Asthma was also associated with higher post-BD FVC (0.45 z scores, p = 0.012) and FEV1 (0.35 z scores, p = 0.034) but not with FEV1/FVC and FEF25–75%. Two-way analysis of variance did not detect any interaction between asthma and overweight on lung function variables before or after bronchodilator.ConclusionOur results suggest that asthma and overweight are independently associated with airway dysanaptic growth in children which can be further scrutinized using impulse oscillometry. Overweight contributed more to the reduction in FEV1/FVC than asthma in children without increasing airway resistance. Spirometry specificity and sensitivity for obstructive diseases may be reduced in populations with high prevalence of overweight. Adding impedance oscillometry to spirometry improves our understanding of the ventilatory abnormalities in overweight children.
INTRODUÇÃO: A tuberculose em crianças geralmente está associada ao convívio com um adulto contagiante. OBJETIVO: Descrever o perfil do adulto contagiante da criança com tuberculose identificada na rede pública de saúde. MÉTODO: Estudo de casos. Incluiram-se todas as crianças menores de quatorze anos com diagnóstico de tuberculose em tratamento na rede pública de saúde de Porto Alegre (RS). Foram feitas entrevistas com questionário estruturado com dados demográficos e da doença na criança e no contagiante. RESULTADOS: No período de 21 de julho de 2001 a 10 de agosto de 2002 foram selecionadas 50 crianças (96% dos diagnósticos em crianças no período) com média de idade de 76 meses, 60% do sexo feminino. As formas pulmonares clássicas (consolidação ou cavitação) foram observadas em 38% das crianças. A maioria dos pacientes fez o diagnóstico em nível hospitalar, vivia em famílias com seis pessoas em média, e com renda familiar inferior a dois salários mínimos regionais. A co-infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana foi identificada em 25% dos pacientes que realizaram o teste de ELISA. As crianças freqüentavam regularmente outro local além de sua residência. O contagiante foi identificado em 78% dos casos, sendo 56% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 32 anos e na maioria das vezes era um parente (79%), geralmente pai ou mãe. Neste grupo de adultos, a co-infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana foi identificada em 43% dos indivíduos testados. CONCLUSÃO: O contato intradomiciliar com adulto tuberculoso continua a ser a mais importante fonte de contágio para a criança. A co-infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana é um importante achado tanto na criança quanto no adulto. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de se investigar a criança contato e se buscar o caso índice em toda criança com diagnóstico de tuberculose.
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