The Parallel Processing Compute Server (PPCS) is a distributed-memory multiprocessing system consisting of System/370™ microprocessors (33 at present) interconnected through a matrix switch. This paper describes the hardware configuration, the extensions to the System/370 instruction set that are provided to support the distributed memory and interprocessor signaling, the modifications to the VIUI/SP operating system that allow it to run effectively on many closely coupled processors (most of which have no disks), and the application-support layer, which permits FORTRAN programs to take advantage of the highly parallel environment. Development of the PPCS is a joint effort of the IBIVI Boblingen Development Laboratory and the IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center. A prototype PPCS has been installed at CERN. IntroductionThe Parallel Processing Compute Server (PPCS) is a distributed-memory multiprocessor that uses message passing for interprocessor communication. It comprises an IBM Enterprise System/9373 (ES/9373) Model 30' [1] 1 The ES/9373 Model 30 is an entry-level processor of the Enterprise System/QSTO™ (ES/9370™), which is a family of mM System/370™ processors that support many users and applications in the commercial, engineering, scientific, and industrial environments. integrated host (I-host) system and 32 (at present) System/370 satellite processors [2], all interconnected via a matrix switch designed to accommodate 62 ports. The I-host is the only processor with I/O capability; otherwise, the satellite processors are functionally identical to the I-host processor. Running under the control of Parallel VM, a modified form of the IBM Virtual Machine/System Product (VM/SP) operating system [3], the PPCS is suitable for a variety of numerically intensive computing programs.Parallel VM features "diskless" operation on the satellite processors (but is designed to exploit I/0-capable satellite processors, if they exist), fast interprocessor communications, local and remote inter-virtual-machine message-passing, and, to a large degree, a single-system image as seen by the application programmer.Distributed VS FORTRAN, a prototype programming environment for PPCS, has been developed. VS FORTRAN [4] application programs must be reorganized by the user to exploit parallel processing by originating, scheduling, and synchronizing subtasks. A subroutine library for task management and data transfer has been developed in the spirit of IBM Parallel FORTRAN [5]. The implementation of this Distributed VS FORTRAN library is based on a CMS [3] extension, called CS/X, that takes advantage of the Parallel VM functions.A PPCS with 32 satellite processors. Parallel VM, and CS/X has been installed at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and is running applications used by the high-energy physics (HEP) community. At CERN, ®Copyright 1991 by International Business Machines Corporation. Copying in printed form for private use is permitted without payment of royalty provided that (1) each reproduction is done w...
A foundation of enterprise knowledge development is provided, which is based on a new conception of knowledge and knowledge dynamics. This conception consists of a threedimensional model of knowledge with types, kinds and qualities. Built on this knowledge conception, knowledge dynamics is modeled with the help of general knowledge conversions between knowledge assets. Here knowledge dynamics is understood to cover all of acquisition, conversion, transfer, development and usage of knowledge. Through this conception we gain a sound basis for knowledge management and development in an enterprise. Especially the type dimension of knowledge, which categorizes knowledge according to its internality and externality with respect to the human being, is crucial for enterprise knowledge management and development, because knowledge should be made available by converting it to more external types. Two main categories of application scenarios for knowledge development in an enterprise are identified: constructive and analytic scenarios. In this paper we focus on constructive scenarios and describe an approach to model knowledge-intensive business processes in an enterprise, be it human-driven, knowledge-driven or task-driven processes. As an example for this approach, a model of the creative activity for the renewal planning of a product is given.
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