The following analysis aims to illustrate how, over the course of time, different meanings have become associated with the term transcendence. The article proposes distinguishing between the ontological meaning (i.e. the realm of transcendence) and the anthropological or epistemic use (i.e. the act or process of transcending, experientiaUy and conceptually). Presenting examples from sociology (Thomas Luckmann) and psychology (Abraham H. Maslow) it will be illustrated that lack of discrimination may support or even foster an ontological reductionism which impedes adequate differentiation between humanistic (secular) and spiritual/religious ways to constitute values and meaning. A structural epistemological approach is described and recommended, as a respectful reconstruction of various ontological and metaphysical positions and background convictions in personal world-views.
Introduction: Education, Counseling, and (Psycho-)Therapy as Special Ways of LearningWe human beings are learning creatures; at best we continue learning until old age. The most impressive effects come from learning through immediate contact with individuals-through education and training, initially within the family, through parents and relations and later at school or in university through professionally trained teachers.Beside these ongoing ways of learning in family and institutions, we may repeatedly encounter situations, difficulties or problems where our own competence (or that of relatives and friends) is insufficient for coping with these situations. For instance, in the case of illness we draw upon the help of 'experts' in the form of medical or psychotherapeutic treatment.However, there are also many problems which are not considered classifiable ailments and diseases for which attempts may be made to contact a person in order to profit from his/her competence in a certain field. This is referred to as counseling in contrast to therapy, the latter being defined as treatment of physical or psychological disturbances, meaning that a certain expertise or knowledge is placed at the disposal of other people to assist them in overcoming certain difficulties or nleeting certain challenges.Counseling takes place frequently in daily life, regardless of what it is called (asking for advice, for help, or a simple discussion regarding a difficult situation, etc.). Professional counseling offers certain skills/expertise, usually acquired by the counselor via some kind of study or training. Professional counselors often have a background in social work, education, the social sciences, psychology etc. Their knowledge is based on the experience of people who have worked in the field of counseling as weIl as on empirical studies which have investigated the conditions of helpful, facilitative interaction in such counseling situations. Education, counseling, and therapy thus comprise three basic forms of learning with and from people. (Therapy as treatment in this context especial-Iy relates to psychotherapy.) In childhood we necessarily depend on such contacts; as adults we usually decide for ourselves when we need 'further' education (training or adult education), counseling or psychotherapy, or want
Zusammenfassung Die Hom?opathie wird als m?gliche Alternative zur Schulmedizin von einer Mehrheit der Bev?lkerung akzeptiert und gesch?tzt. Dar?ber, wie potenzierte Substanzen wirken, besteht jedoch eher Unkenntnis bzw. Unklarheit ? vor allem deshalb, weil die Lebenskraft, auf die nach Hahnemann das Mittel wirkt, im heutigen Welt- und Menschenbild meist nicht mehr angemessen repr?sentiert ist. Schulmediziner reduzieren deshalb die nachgewiesene Wirkung hom?opathischer Mittel oft auf unspezifische Faktoren der Aktivierung von Selbstheilungskr?ften.
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