Although there is no acute luteolytic mechanism in the absence of pregnancy in the bitch, a precise and well-timed embryo-maternal interaction seems to be required for the initiation and maintenance of gestation. As only limited information is available about these processes in dogs, in this study, the uterine expression of possible decidualization markers was investigated during the pre-implantation stage (days 10-12) of pregnancy and in the corresponding nonpregnant controls. In addition, the expression of selected genes associated with blastocyst development and/or implantation was investigated in embryos flushed from the uteri of bitches used for this study (unhatched and hatched blastocysts). There was an upregulated expression of prolactin receptor (PRLR) and IGF2 observed pre-implantation. The expression of PRL and of IGF1 was unaffected, and neither was the expression of progesterone-or estrogen receptor b (ESR2). In contrast, (ESR1) levels were elevated during early pregnancy. Prostaglandin (PG)-system revealed upregulated expression of PGE2-synthase and its receptors, PTGER2 and PTGER4, and of the PG-transporter. Elevated levels of AKR1C3 mRNA, but not the protein itself, were noted. Expression of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) remained unaffected. Most of the transcripts were predominantly localized to the uterine epithelial cells, myometrium and, to a lesser extent, to the uterine stroma. PGES (PTGES) mRNA was abundantly expressed in both groups of embryos and appeared higher in the hatched ones. The expression level of IGF2 mRNA appeared higher than that of IGF1 mRNA in hatched embryos. In unhatched embryos IGF1, IGF2, and PTGS2 mRNA levels were below the detection limit.

The aim of this study was to investigate the etiology of subclinical mastitis (SCM) in dairy Jersey cows with the use of bacteriological and molecular identifi cation methods. In the study 121 Jersey and 78 hybrid Jersey cows with SCM were observed in the Samsun district of Turkey. A total of 411 California mastitis test (CMT) positive milk samples from these animals were examined bacteriologically. The prevalence of subclinical mastitis was 54.75% and 67.2% in Jerseys and hybrids, respectively. On bacteriological examination, a total of 92 strains were isolated from 411 milk samples. The most prevalent bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (69.56%). Among them 24 isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (26.08%) the other isolates were Streptococcus dysgalactiae (23.91%), Enterococcus spp. (3.26%) and Streptococcus agalactiae (3.26%). All strains were identifi ed with bacteriological culture methods, as well as by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Gram-negative bacteria were not isolated. In conclusion, the etiology of SCM in full blood and hybrid Jersey dairy cows in Samsun and the prevalence of bacteria were determined. The relatively high prevalence of SCM indicates the potential need for the consideration of some factors contributing to the formation of mastitis (e.g. management) as well as bacterial agents. The present study and further studies may be useful to develop mastitis vaccines by means of providing true vaccine strain sources.

Objectives This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of oral misoprostol (MIS) administration in the induction of mid-term pregnancy termination in cats. Methods Twenty-eight cats that were pregnant for 30-40 days were allocated to four groups. The aglepristone (AGL) group (n = 7) received 10 mg/kg SC aglepristone q24h for two consecutive days. In the AGL+MIS group (n = 7), AGL (as administered in the AGL group) and MIS (200 µg/cat PO q12h until the start of abortion) were administered. The MIS200 (n = 7) and MIS400 groups (n = 7) received MIS (200 or 400 µg/cat misoprostol, respectively) alone PO q12h until the start of abortion. Blood samples were collected at the start of treatment (d0), 4 days after the start of treatment (d4) and on the day of complete abortion/end of administration (dA/d7). Results The efficacy of the treatment was 71.4% in the AGL group, 100% in the AGL+MIS group, 0% in MIS200 group and 57.4% in MIS400 group ( P = 0.004). No significance was found in relation to the interval from treatment to the start/end of abortion and the duration of abortion in all groups. The most observed side effect was vomiting in both groups administered MIS, particularly in the MIS400 group (56.7%). Progesterone (P4) concentrations were reduced during the abortion, but not to basal levels, in all groups. P4 concentrations were significantly lower at dA/d7 in the MIS400 group compared with the AGL and AGL+MIS groups ( P = 0.002). Conclusions and relevance The results obtained from this study showed that low doses of MIS do not induce abortions in cats but increase the effect of AGL. Although higher doses could terminate pregnancies, this also causes intense unwanted side effects. Therefore, the use of MIS alone as an abortifacient in cats is not recommended. For mid-term pregnancy termination in cats, the combination of misoprostol and aglepristone provides a more effective abortifacient than using either of them alone.

SummaryA study was carried out to compare the efficiency of vaginal electrical impedance with serum progesterone profile, cytological examination and clinical findings. Vaginal electrical impedance values varied at the different stages of the estrous cycle, with the highest value during the transition into estrous and the lowest in diestrus (P < 0.05). There was a negative statistical correlation between serum progesterone values and the impedance values (36%) (P < 0.001). Vaginal electrical impedance was a faster and cheaper method than progesterone assessment. It was more reliable than vaginal cytology and clinical evaluation. In conclusion, a combination of vaginal electrical impedance measurements and progesterone evaluation was a more useful method for determination of the optimal breeding time in bitches.

Özet: Çalışma, subklinik mastitisli ineklerde süt ve süt hücrelerinde Vitamin C düzeylerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Süt örneklerinde somatik hücre sayımı yapıldı ve örnekler kontrol (1-87 x 1000 hücre), mastitli 1. grup (154-380 x 1000 hücre), 2. grup (418-812 x 1000 hücre), 3. grup (914-1928 x 1000 hücre) ve 4. grup (2614-8050 x 1000 hücre) olacak şekilde gruplandırıldı (n=12). Süt hücrelerinde ve süt serumunda (yağı ve hücreleri alınmış) Vitamin C düzeyleri belirlendi ve Vitamin C ve süt somatik hücre sayısı arasındaki korelasyonlar hesaplandı. Ayrıca alınan süt numunelerinden mikrobiyolojik ekim yapılarak, etken izolasyonu ve identifikasyonu yapıldı. Subklinik mastitisli sütlerde (1, 2, 3, ve 4. gruplar) µg/10 6 hücredeki Vitamin C düzeyleri kontrol grubundan düşük olarak bulunurken (p<0,001), süt hücresi Vitamin C düzeyleri ile süt somatik hücre sayısı arasında pozitif bir korelasyon belirlendi (r=0,469, p<0,001 n=60). Süt serumu sonuçları ele alındığında mastitli 4. grup Vitamin C düzeyleri diğer mastit gruplarına (p<0,05) ve kontrol grubuna (p>0,05) göre düşük olduğu görüldü. Ayrıca süt serumu Vitamin C düzeyleri ile süt somatik hücreleri arasında negatif bir korelasyon saptandı (r=-0,420, p<0,01 n=60). Sonuç olarak subklinik mastitisin derecesi ile ilgili olarak somatik hücre sayısının arttığı, süt serumu Vitamin C düzeylerinin düştüğü, birim hücre başına düşen Vitamin C düzeylerinin azaldığı, Vitamin C düzeyleri ile mastit arasında bir bağıntının olduğu belirlendi.

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ÖzAmaç: Bu çalışmada 2010-2015 yılları arasında Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi, Veteriner Fakültesi, Doğum ve Jinekoloji Kliniğine getirilen hayvan türleri ve kliniğine getirilme nedenlerinin genel bir analizinin yapılması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem:Çalışmada kliniğine başvuran hayvan sayıları ve başvuru nedenleri klinik muayene defter kayıtları incelenerek tespit edildi ve türlere göre gruplandırıldı. Bulgular: Kliniğe getirilen toplam hayvan sayıları 2010-2015 yılları arasında sırasıyla 168, 156, 110, 135, 111 ve 148 olarak tespit edildi. Kliniğe getirilen toplam 828 hayvanın türlere göre dağılımı, sığır (inek+düve) %44.08, köpek %20 .04, koyun %16.18, keçi %13.52 ve kedi %6.15 olarak belirlendi. Hayvanların başlıca kliniğe getiriliş sebeplerini, sığır-larda gebelik muayenesi ve genital organ muayenesi; koyun ve keçilerde gebelik muayenesi ve güç doğum; köpek ve kedilerde ise gebelik muayenesi ve ovariohisterektomi olguları oluşturdu. Kliniğe getirilen hayvan sayısında yıllara göre değişimin olmadığı fakat getirilen hayvan türlerinin sayılarının birbirine yakın olduğu ve tüm hayvan türlerinde kliniğe getiriliş sebebinin en çok gebelik muayenesi olduğu belirlendi.Öneri: Elde edilen verilerin öğrencilerin veteriner fakültesi tercihi yaparken ön bilgi edinmelerine katkı sağlayabileceği ve bölgede çalışan ya da çalışmayı düşünen veteriner hekimlere ve araştırmacılara bu alanda yardımcı olabileceği kanaatine varıldı. Materials and Methods:The number of animals and the reasons of applications were analized according to the data in the clinical examination books and classified according to the species. Total number of animal brought to the clinic between the years 2010-2015 was determined 168, 156, 110, 135, 111, and 148, respectively. The distribution of 823 animals according to species is found as cattle (cow+heifer) 44.08%, dogs 20.04%, ewes 16.18%, goats 13.52% and cats 6.15%. The most common reasons of getting animals to the clinics are pregnancy diagnosis and genital organ examinations in cows, pregnancy diagnosis and dystocia in ewes and goats, and pregnancy diagnosis and ovariohysterectomie cases in cats and dogs. Number of animals brought to the clinic did not changed yearly, but the numbers of species of animal brought to the clinic were similar, and also the most cause of getting to the clinic in all animal species was the pregnancy diagnosis. Conclusion:It may be concluded that the data of this study would contribute to obtain preliminary information for the student during choosing of veterinary faculty and would make help to researchers and the veterinary surgeon worked or thought to work in the region in this field.