The reaction of 4-(2′,3′,4′,5′,6′-pentafluorobenzyloxy)phthalonitrile with 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5octafluoropentanol leads to the formation of 4-[2′,3′,5′,6′-tetrafluoro-4′-(octafluoropentoxy) benzyloxy]phthalonitrile. The reaction was achieved by regioselective substitution reaction of the p-fluorine atoms of pentafluorobenzyloxy group by perfluoroalkoxy group. The tetramerization of the new dinitrile derivative in the presence of zinc, cobalt, copper or manganese salts results in the corresponding phthalocyanines. The prepared compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, FT-IR, UVvis, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, 19 F NMR and mass spectroscopies, consistent with the proposed structures. The influence of solvent and concentrations on the aggregation of the phthalocyanine complexes was studied by electronic spectroscopy.

The nutrient flux experiments for the sediments of Inner Izmir Bay were performed for the first time during January 2004-August 2004. The flux rates ranged between -127.9 and 358.2 microg atN m(-2) day(-1) for NH(4) (+), -47.88 and 320.9 microg at N m(-2) day(-1) for NO(2) (-), -62.96 and 121.3 microg at N m(-2) day(-1) for NO(3) (-), -64.1 and 528 microg atP m(-2) day(-1) for reactive phosphate (RP) and between -168.44 and 284.19 microg at Si m(-2) day(-1) for reactive silicate (RSi). Negative values were obtained from core incubations in winter except for nitrite (flux from water to sediment). The positive flux in all the core incubations during spring and summer (except nitrite in August) at least revealed that the sediment might be partially anoxic and/or included H(2)S. The turnover times obtained from water column nutrient inventory and flux rates indicated that Si and NH(4) (+) possessed a rapid cycle in water column. It was argued that NO(3) (-) would be more influenced by the removal processes within the sediment, therefore the water column would provide an additional contribution to the N limitation and the short turnover time of RP could rapidly supply RP to the water column. The continuous increase of pore water nutrient concentrations from January to August does not explain whether this nutrient reserve attains the next year with higher background levels or it is released back to environment at the end of autumn.

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Sediments are an important repository for various pollutants such as pesticides and heavy metals and also play a significant role as sensitive indicators for monitoring contaminants in aquatic systems. Heavy metals which are regarded as serious pollutants of aquatic ecosystems are a major environmental problem in the Black Sea. Contamination by heavy metals has not been extensively studied in the Black Sea coast of Turkey, even though these are subjected to intense discharges of pollutants. It is important, therefore, that sediment by heavy metals be assessed in order to facilitate better management and protection of these valuable coastal ecosystems. This is especially the case, since Turkish Black Sea coast represents a prominent area for fishing, industrial development and urban extension and tourism activities. In view of the economic importance of the Black Sea coastal region of Turkey, this review aims to analyses the distribution and concentrations of heavy metals in bottom sediment in the coastal sediment along the Black Sea.

The spatial distribution pattern and transportation of heavy metals in sediments (up to 10 cm) were studied along Sinop peninsula of the southern Black Sea. The influences of anthropogenic metals pollution in surface sediments of Sinop Peninsula in the Black Sea were assayed by using I geo. Metal contents were significantly correlated each other. Heavy metal concentrations showed a significant relationship with Fe content, while most heavy metals were not enriched. The levels of most metals at all stations were lower than the contents indicated by the sediment quality.