Treatment with insulin sensitizers in women with PCOS may lead to increases in Hcy levels.

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This study has demonstrated that prophylactic RBCX during pregnancy is a feasible and safe procedure for prevention of complications. Given the decrease in the risks of transfusion, RBCX warrants further study.

These findings suggest that B-group vitamins and folic acid administration counteract the Hcy-increasing effect seen with metformin therapy.

Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy, which occurs in previous cesarean section scar tissue, with an incidence of 1 in 1800–3000 pregnancies. Transvaginal ultrasound‐guided local methotrexate (MTX) administration presents as a non‐systemic option with possible better penetration to the pregnancy site. We present the management of 18 patients with CSP solely by transvaginal ultrasound‐guided local MTX administration. All patients were treated with local MTX with a dose of 50 mg/m2. Eleven (61.1%) of the patients did not need any further intervention. Four patients (22.2%) were treated with additional single‐dose systemic MTX due to inadequate alteration in blood β‐human chorionic gonadotrophin levels. Three patients (16.7%) required hysteroscopy and/or laparotomy. We suggest that transvaginal ultrasound‐guided local MTX treatment may be considered as a first‐line treatment for CSP.

A number of studies have linked high maternal serum hemoglobin (Hb) levels in pregnancy with increased incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight and small-forgestational-age newborns, pre-term births, increased perinatal mortality, and pre-eclampsia w1x. Lao et al. identified high maternal hemoglobin at the initial prenatal visit as a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) w2x.This prospective study was conducted on 253 non-diabetic Turkish women with singleton pregnancies whose serum Hb level and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) at the initial visit were )10 gydl or )80 fl, respectively. The exclusion criteria were first prenatal visit later than 14 weeks of gestation; pre-existing anemia or hemoglobinopathy, chronic disease; such as diabetes mellitus, renal or gastrointestinal disorder, hypo-or hyperthyroidism, GDM diagnosed before 28 weeks' gestation. Values signifying the 50th percentile for Hb (12.2 gydl) and ferritin (Fe) (19.7 mgyl) were established based on these data, and two sets of groups were formed based on the initial-visit findings (Hb above and below the 50th percentile; Fe

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We suggest that in patients with intractable nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, pangastritis and enterogastric reflux are the main endoscopic findings and that these findings are closely associated with H. pylori infection, which can be diagnosed histologically. The degree of gastric complaints may be associated with the density of H. pylori infection.