Predictive resting metabolic rate (RMR) equations are widely used to determine athletes’ resting energy expenditure (REE). However, it remains unclear whether these predictive RMR equations accurately predict REE in the athletic populations. The purpose of the study was to compare 12 prediction equations (Harris-Benedict, Mifflin, Schofield, Cunningham, Owen, Liu’s, De Lorenzo) with measured RMR in Turkish national team athletes and sedentary controls. A total of 97 participants, 49 athletes (24 females, 25 males), and 48 sedentary (28 females, 20 males), were recruited from Turkey National Olympic Teams at the Ministry of Youth and Sports. RMR was measured using a Fitmate GS (Cosmed, Italy). The results of each 12 prediction formulas were compared with the measured RMR using paired t-test. The Bland-Altman plot was performed to determine the mean bias and limits of agreement between measured and predicted RMRs. Stratification according to sex, the measured RMR was greater in athletes compared to controls. The closest equation to the RMR measured by Fitmate GS was the Harris-Benedict equation in male athletes (mean difference -8.9 (SD 257.5) kcal/day), and Liu’s equation [mean difference -16.7 (SD 195.0) kcal/day] in female athletes. However, the intra-class coefficient (ICC) results indicated that all equations, including Harris-Benedict for male athletes (ICC = 0.524) and Liu’s for female athletes (ICC = 0.575), had a moderate reliability compared to the measured RMR. In sedentary subjects, the closest equation to the measured RMR is the Nelson equation in males, with the lowest RMSE value of 118 kcal/day [mean difference: 10.1 (SD 117.2) kJ/day], whereas, in females, all equations differ significantly from the measured RMR. While Nelson (ICC = 0.790) had good and Owen (ICC = 0.722) and Mifflin (calculated using fat-free mass) (ICC = 0.700) had moderate reliability in males, all predictive equations showed poor reliability in females. The results indicate that the predictive RMR equations failed to accurately predict RMR levels in the participants. Therefore, it may not suitable to use them in determining total energy expenditure.

Although skinfold-derived equations seem to be practical for field application in estimating body fat percentage (BF%) and minimum body mass in Olympic wrestlers, prediction equations applied first need to be cross-validated in Olympic wrestlers to define the best prediction equation. This study aimed to evaluate the most accurate field method to predict BF% in Olympic wrestlers compared to BF% estimated by air displacement plethysmography (ADP). Sixty-one male (body mass 72.4 ± 13.5 kg; height 170.3 ± 7.0 cm; body mass index (BMI) 24.9 ± 3.5 kg.m−2; BF% 8.5 ± 4.9%) and twenty-five female wrestlers (body mass 60.3 ± 9.9 kg; height 161.3 ± 7.1 cm; BMI 23.1 ± 2.5 kg.m−2; BF% 18.7 ± 4.7%) undertook body composition assessments including ADP and nine-site skinfold measurements. Correlations, bias, limits of agreement, and standardized differences between alterations in BF% measured by ADP and other prediction equations were evaluated to validate measures, and multiple regression analyses to develop an Olympic wrestlers-specific prediction formula. The Stewart and Hannan equation for male wrestlers and the Durnin and Womersley equation for female wrestlers provided the most accurate BF% compared to the measured BF% by ADP, with the lowest bias and presented no significant differences between the measured and predicted BF%. A new prediction equation was developed using only abdominal skinfold and sex as variables, predicting 83.2% of the variance. The findings suggest the use of the new wrestler-specific prediction equation proposed in the study as a valid and accurate alternative to ADP to quantify BF% among Olympic wrestlers.

Vücutta egzersizin tipine, şiddetine ve süresine bağlı olarak belirli fizyolojik değişiklikler olmaktadır. Düzenli yapılan egzersizle birlikte yağ doku ve iskelet kası başta olmak üzere vücutta birçok dokuda adaptasyonlar olduğu ve bunun sonucunda sporcuların dayanıklılık kapasitesinin ve spor performansının arttığı bilinmektedir. Egzersizle birlikte yağ dokuda bazı farklılaşmalar olmaktadır. Beyaz yağ dokuda meydana gelen mitokondri sayısında ve aktivitesinde artışla gözlenen kahverengileşmeyle birlikte toplam kahverengi yağ dokusunun artışı spor performansını olumlu etkileyebilmektedir. Egzersiz; enerji üretimini ve oksijen kullanma kapasitesini de artırmaktadır. Artan mitokondriyal aktiviteyle birlikte oksidatif streste artış gözlenebilmektedir. Oksidatif stres etkisiyle oluşan serbest radikallerin artışını önlemek ve oluşan serbest radikalleri etkisiz hale getirebilmek için vücutta antioksidan savunma sistemi devreye girmektedir. Genellikle tek bir akut egzersize karşı oluşturulan adaptif cevap sınırlıdır ve genellikle oksidatif hasarla sonuçlanır. Egzersiz düzenli olarak yapıldığında ise vücutta oksidatif stresi azaltmak için bazı adaptasyonların geliştiği gözlenmektedir. Kronik yapılan egzersizlerde süreç çift yönlüdür. Öncelikle serbest radikal oluşumu ve bunun sonucunda oksidatif stres gözlenir. Bunun ardından egzersiz nedeniyle oluşan oksidatif stresin negatif etkilerini minimuma indirmek için vücudun antioksidan savunma sistemi devreye girer. Ayrıca son yıllarda mitokondriyal stresin kısa vadeli metabolik faydalar sağlayabileceği, artan stres direncinde ve yaşam süresinde uzun vadeli faydalar sağlayan bir hormetik yanıtı da tetikleyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Mitohormesis olarak adlandırılan bu yanıt canlının maruz kaldığı stres faktörlerine karşı korumayı artırarak adaptasyon sağlamasına yardımcı olmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı egzersizin kahverengi yağ dokusu, mitokondriyal fonksiyon, oksidatif stres, buna bağlı olarak gelişen mitohormesis ile ilişkili yolakları göstermektir.

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