Background:The palmaris longus is a degenerating weak flexor muscle in the anterior of the forearm. Many techniques for clinically determining the presence of the palmaris longus have been described. Ethnic variations in the prevalence of the absence of the palmaris longus are well known.Objectives:This study considered the prevalence of absence of the palmaris longus muscle tendon in the north of Iran.Patients and Methods:The presence of the palmaris longus was clinically determined in 562 men and women from the Guilan population, using the standard technique (Schaeffer’s test). In subjects with an absent palmaris longus, three other tests (Thompson, Pushpakumar and Mishra tests) were performed to confirm the absence.Results:The overall prevalence of right, left, bilateral and total absence of the palmaris longus were 4.1%, 5.2%, 3.9% and 13.2%, respectively. There was no significant difference in its absence with regard to the body side or gender (P > 0.05).Conclusions:This study demonstrated that the presence of the palmaris longus muscle tendon in the Guilan population was considerably higher than the absence of the palmaris longus tendon. The overall prevalence of right, left, bilateral and total absence of the palmaris longus was not significantly different between men and women. The prevalence of the left-absent palmaris longus was more common in the present study.
Formaldehyde (FA) is an environmentally-available pollutant. Since the liver acts as a detoxifier in the human body, it is the first and most affected organ in individuals exposed to higher-than-normal amounts of FA. FA mainly alters oxidant/antioxidant status and initiates oxidative stress, and by means, causes functional damage to the liver. Thus, it is important to identify natural bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties in order to be used as food additives. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is a popular flavor and also a medicinal plant with a variety of beneficial effects. In the present original study, cinnamon essential oil (CEO) has been administrated at doses of 10, 20, and 100 mg/kg, orally, to hepatotoxicity rat models caused by FA (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). Liver enzymes and its histology were assessed and oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver tissue were also examined. CEO administration caused a significant increase in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase and a prominent decrease in nitric oxide levels in the liver tissue. Also, in serum samples, CEO significantly reduced the elevated amounts of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase. When assessed histologically, portal area and central vein fibrosis alongside with the hepatocytes' hypereosinophilia and swelling, focal inflammation, and necrotic areas were found to be prominently decreased in the CEO group. In conclusion, our study suggested that the CEO may have the potential for being used against FA-induced hepatotoxicity.
Introduction:In view of the fact that motivation is linked directly to the learning process and educational achievement, this study endeavored to identify strategies to improve students' educational achievement motivation at Guilan University of Medical Sciences. Methods: To conduct this descriptive-analytical study, 368 students from Guilan University of Medical Sciences were selected using simple random sampling from 2013-2014. All of the Guilan University of Medical Sciences' students met the general eligibility criteria except guest students. The questionnaire included five domains of economic, socio-cultural, educational, geo-regional, and personality factors in educational achievement motivation. Through using descriptive and inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests), the compiled data were analyzed at the significance level of 0.05. Results: Data analysis revealed that socio-cultural factors have the maximum score (64.14 ± 9.92) and geo-regional factors have the minimum score (19.01±3.63) on the participants' educational achievement motivation. What is more, a significant difference was revealed between educational field and educational effective factors as well as educational level and educational effective factors (p<0.011, p<0.004, respectively). Conclusion: Given that the socio-cultural factors had the maximum score on the students' educational achievement motivation, it is recommended that university officials take these factors into account, and attempt to plan to provide appropriate strategies to enhance their students' motivation, specifically their educational achievement motivation.
Abstract
Article infoArticle Type:Original Research
The aim of medical education is to teach the essence of practical skills alongside with the theoretical knowledge. Teaching anatomy, as the center of medical education, should be leading to use this knowledge as a skill during clinical period. According to the rising numbers of dentistry faculties' experiences, inappropriate education results in misguidance during clinic. Thus, this study was conducted to find about the pre-clinical and clinical dentistry students' points of view on the helpfulness of anatomy classes in achieving clinical goals. Present descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated Guilan University of Medical Sciences' pre-clinical and clinical dentistry students' opinions on the effectiveness of anatomy classes during their clinical period in 2017. The sampling method used here was census via questionnaire and scoring was according to Likert scaling system. Analyses showed that anatomy of the nervous system was the most assistive course, which helped dentistry students during their clinical period (P<0.001). The least scored course was visceral organs and that means they did not use most of their learnings from classes with this topic (P<0.001). They also stated that other important factors such as using cadavers and moulages in practical sessions, teaching clinical skills theoretically before practical sessions and performing group activities are crucial for them to recall important details of the relevant courses during clinical period. Results of this study suggests that alongside with the various topics of anatomy courses, other factors like professors' characteristics and their teaching methods are also of important factors helping the dentistry students throughout clinic.
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