A common issue in trade network analysis is missing data, as some countries do not report trade flows. This paper explores what constitutes suitable data, how to deal with missing data, and demonstrates the results using key network measures. All-to-all potential connectivity of trade between countries is considered as a starting point, in contrast to the common approach of analyzing trade networks using only the countries that actually report trade flows. In order to fill the gap between the two approaches, a more complete dataset than just the dataset of trade between reporting countries is reconstructed and the robustness of studying this bigger dataset is examined. The difference between imputed and actual network adjacency matrices is evaluated based on several centrality measures. The results are illustrated using ten commodity groups from the United Nations Database, which demonstrate that under the proposed reconstruction procedure the ranks of the countries do not change significantly as the size of the imputed network becomes bigger or smaller. Further, the degree distributions of networks based on reporting countries and trading partners are the same to within their uncertainties. So, it is robust to study the imputed bigger network that provides richer insights into trade relations, particularly for nonreporting countries.
After the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the capture of the spy nest, the West, and especially the United States, in addition to pursuing other tools, has also used the tools of sanctions and has implemented many sanctions against Iran. One type of sanctions is oil sanctions, which were imposed to force Iran to join the international community. The US and its allies' embargo on Iranian oil affects the variables of the Iranian and world economies. For this reason, a computable five-zone global trade model (GTAP) is used to calculate the implications of the game tree between the three independent actors of the United States, the European Union, and Iran. The closing of the GTAP model has been changed according to the assumptions used. The results show that the US, Iran and major oil buyers from Iran are damaged by the sanctions. This damage is exacerbated by increasing oil restrictions. With the escalation of sanctions, the European Union is also gaining negative welfare. In the Nash equilibrium, the United States and the European Union will choose weak sanctions, and Iran will try to circumvent the sanctions. Due to the economic costs of oil sanctions against Iran, the lack of full understanding between the United States and Europe, and Iran's efforts to circumvent sanctions, it seems that the United States will not be able to reduce Iran's oil exports to zero.
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