This study involves the determination of the hydrochemistry of groundwater and its suitability for drinking, domestic and other purposes in the area. Results show that Hardness range between 2.53mg/l -5.06mg/l with a mean value of 3.69mg/l, indicating that the water from the area is soft. Electrical conductivity (EC) level ranges from 6.23µS/cm -13.74µS/cm with a mean of 9.80µS/cm. pH range from 6.50 -6.86 with a mean value of 6.66, indicating slightly acidic water. TDS range from 5.77mg/l -18.30mg/l with a mean value of 11.4.1mg/l. Temp ranges from 26°C -27°C with a mean value of 26.6°C. Calcium (Ca The dominant cation and anion in the groundwater from the study area are Ca 2+ and HCO 3 -respectively. The ions owe their origin to rainfall and dissolution of minerals from the Benin Formation where the wells tap from. It is recommended that seasonal variation of groundwater chemistry studies be carried out regularly to detect any future degradation in the area and the results would be used for decision and policy making.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the groundwater potential in Ogbia and environs, Bayelsa State using the vertical electrical sounding (VES) technique. Groundwater analysis was also carried out to investigate the water quality for both dry and wet seasons in the study area. The VES data were acquired using the Schlumberger electrode configuration. The interpreted geoelectric model results shows that the subsurface units in the area are dominated by sands of various grades with minor intercalating clay layers and has resistivity values of 50 to 395Ωm at the top of the unsaturated layer, between 13 and 352Ωm in the intermediate layers and 43 to 416Ωm in the aquiferous zones. In terms of the Dar-Zarouk parameters, the aquifers are characterized by high transverse resistance ranging from 1.2 X 10 3 Ωm 2 to 1.56 X 10 4 Ωm 2 and low to moderate longitudinal conductance. This implies the aquifers are highly permeable with significant specific yield and storativity. Based on the total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC) and chloride concentration from the physiochemical analysis, the water facies are classified as fresh to slightly brackish. The empirical relationship developed between the bulk resistivity from the VES interpretation and (EC)-1 from the groundwater samples using regression analysis shows variation in the benchmark for freshwater aquifer zones with respect to the season in which investigation was carried out.

This study was conducted in K-Dere, Rivers State, Nigeria to determine the impact of oil spill contamination on soil and groundwater resources in the area. A total of twelve (12) wells were drilled at random to a depth of 10 m using an auger. The method of soil and groundwater analysis involved visual examination and laboratory analysis. Characterization of soils in the area revealed a predominance of fine and medium grained sand underlain by alternating layers of fine, silt and clayey formations. Soil samples from BH-04, BH-05, BH-06, BH-07, BH-07 and BH-11 have a weak to strong hydrocarbon smell and shows light to heavy sheen. Groundwater in all drilled holes was turbid and encountered at depths from 4.27 to 6.37m. BH-06 has a very strong smell and heavy sheen. Free phase hydrocarbon was also found in BH-06. The chemical concentration of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH), Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and BTEX (Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene) were determined from the groundwater samples. TPH ranged from <10µg/l to 222,000µg/l. BH-04, BH-06, BH-07 and BH-11 had TPH concentration above DPR intervention value of 600µg/l for water. Napthalene ranged from <0.3µg/L to 537µg/L. BH-04 and BH-06 had Napthalene concentration above the DPR intervention value of 70µg/L. Anthracene ranged from <0.045µg/L to 40.9µg/L. Only BH-06 exceeded DPR intervention value of 5µg/L. Phenanthrene ranged from <0.066µg/L to 135µg/L. Again, BH-06 exceeded the DPR intervention value of 5µg/L. Fluoranthracene ranged from <0.051µg/L to 14.4µg/L. Only BH-06 exceeded the DPR intervention value of 1µg/L. Benzo (a) anthrancene concentration in the groundwater samples ranged from <0.051µg/L to 3.52µg/L. Again, BH-06 exceeded the DPR intervention value of 1µg/L. Apart from benzene with a concentration of 2.5µg/L and Ethylbenzene with a concentration of 1.11µg/L in BH-06, all other BTEX compounds in groundwater in the area had concentrations <1µg/L and were within DPR intervention values. This result shows that the soils and groundwater in the area are heavily impacted by oil contamination. Groundwater is shallow (up to 0m bgl) and the direction of flow is towards the north-westerly and south-easterly directions. BH-06 which has a high hydraulic head also shows the highest level of soil and groundwater contamination in the area. It is therefore recommended that remediation be carried out in the area to prevent further damage to the soil and groundwater resources in the surrounding areas.

The study assesses the geochemistry of water quality for irrigation purposes in Otuoke and environs, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Assessment of the water quality for irrigation purposes was achieved using models like Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Permeability index (PI), Kelly's ratio (KR), Magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), Sodium percentage and Potential soil (PS) salinity reveals that all the groundwater samples are in excellent condition and can be used for irrigation purposes. Sodium percentage reveals that 14% (2 samples) of the groundwater samples are permissible, while 86% (12 samples) of the groundwater samples are doubtful for irrigation purposes. Magnesium Adsorption ratio reveals that 93% (13 samples) of the groundwater samples are good for irrigation while the remaining 7% (1 sample) is unsuitable for irrigation. Kelly's ratio shows that all the water samples are unsuitable for irrigation. The groundwater in the area shows LSI ranges from -4.34 to -2.24, with a mean of -2.93. Positive Langelier saturation index (LSI) values suggest that water is supersaturated with respect to CaCO3 and scale formation may occur in pipelines and equipment. All groundwater samples have negative Langelier saturation index (LSI) values, which suggest that the groundwater is unsaturated with CaCO3 and fit for industrial usage. The results obtained could serve as a future reference when studying the water quality of Otuoke and its environment.

Three surface refraction seismic profiles were conducted in a site targeted for huge construction in an underdeveloped area in Opolo, Yenagoa city to portray some of the subsurface soil engineering characteristics for the purposes of construction. The Generalized Reciprocal Method (GRM) was used to interpret the acquired P and S-wave. Various shallow rock engineering parameters such as Oedometric modulus, Concentration Index, Material Index, Lame’s constant, Density Gradient, Stress Ratio, Shear modulus, Bearing capacity, and N-value were calculated in other to assess the strength of the subsurface  from a geophysical and engineering perspective. The values from the seismic velocity and strength parameters indicates that the bedrock layer (layer 3) of the area studied is characterized by more competent rock quality than layer 1 and 2. Hence, the Opolo site is suggested for construction activities with percussive measures.

This study delineates morphometric parameters for determining flood influence on river catchments in the Niger Delta Region using geospatial techniques. Data from the United States Geological Survey; Shuttle radar topographic mission was processed using ArcGIS 10.6 software. The results of the hydrological data analysis, compound factors, and weighted overlay approach demonstrate that early peak flows from the River Niger cause flooding along the riverbanks, as evidenced by the stream frequency findings. The Ikoli River's catchments consistently provide the River Niger with its peak discharge for a considerable time. The Orashi, Bomadi, Forcados, Nun, and Ikoli River basins all have a low relief ratio and hence little impact on floods. However, catchments with a higher relief ratio contribute more water in a shorter amount of time and produce floods in lower locations. Because of its high runoff parameters and short concentration time, the Orashi River catchment is the most flood-prone, followed by the Niger and Forcardos River catchments, which indicate "high," and the Ikoli, Nun, and Bomadi River catchments, which indicate "medium." It is therefore advised that the Orashi, Niger, and Forcados river catchments be prioritized in order to reduce the impact of floods in the Niger Delta research region.

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