a b s t r a c tCalcination is a thermo-chemical process, widely used in the cement industry, where limestone is converted by thermal decomposition into lime CaO and carbon dioxide CO 2 . The focus of this paper is on the implementation and validation of the endothermic calcination reaction mechanism of limestone in a commercial finite volume based CFD code. This code is used to simulate the turbulent flow field, the temperature field, concentrations of the reactants and products, as well as the interaction of particles with the gas phase, by solving the mathematical equations, which govern these processes. For calcination, the effects of temperature, decomposition pressure, diffusion and pore efficiency were taken into account. A simple three-dimensional geometry of a pipe reactor was used for numerical simulations. To verify the accuracy of the modelling approach, the numerical predictions were compared with experimental data, yielding satisfying results and proper trends of physical parameters influencing the process.

The use of waste wood biomass as fuel is increasingly gaining significance in the cement industry. The combustion of biomass and particularly co-firing of biomass and coal in existing pulverized-fuel burners still faces significant challenges. One possibility for the ex ante control and investigation of the co-firing process are computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The purpose of this paper is to present a numerical analysis of co-firing pulverized coal and biomass in a cement calciner. Numerical models of pulverized coal and biomass combustion were developed and implemented into a commercial CFD code FIRE, which was then used for the analysis. Three-dimensional geometry of a real industrial cement calciner was used for the analysis. Three different co-firing cases were analysed. The results obtained from this study can be used for assessing different co-firing cases, and for improving the understanding of the co-firing process inside the calculated calciner.

Efficient mixing of pulverized fuel and limestone particles inside cement calciners is important due to the reason that the calcination process directly affects the final fuel consumption. The focus of this paper is on the numerical analysis of cement calciner's operating conditions and pollutant emissions. The paper analyzes the influence of different amounts of fuel, mass flow of the tertiary air and the adiabatic wall condition on the decomposition rate of limestone particles, burnout rate of coal particles, and pollutant emissions of a newly designed cement calciner. Numerical models of calcination process and pulverized coal combustion were developed and implemented into a commercial computational fluid dynamics code, which was then used for the analysis. This code was used to simulate turbulent flow field, interaction of particles with the gas phase, temperature field, and concentrations of the reactants and products, by solving the set of conservation equations for mass, momentum, and enthalpy that govern these processes. A threedimensional geometry of a real industrial cement calciner was used for numerical simulations. The results gained by these numerical simulations can be used for the optimization of cement calciner's operating conditions, and for the reducing of its pollutant emissions.

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Presented are two approaches for coupled simulations of the injector flow with spray formation. In the first approach the two-fluid model is used within the injector for the cavitating flow. A primary breakup model is then applied at the nozzle orifice where it is coupled with the standard discrete droplet model. In the second approach the Eulerian multi-fluid model is applied for both the nozzle and spray regions. The developed primary breakup model, used in both approaches, is based on locally resolved properties of the cavitating nozzle flow across the orifice cross section. The model provides the initial droplet size and velocity distribution for the droplet parcels released from the surface of a coherent liquid core. The major feature of the predictions obtained with the model is a remarkable asymmetry of the spray. This asymmetry is in agreement with the recent observations at Chalmers University where they performed experiments using a transparent model scaled-up injector. The described model has been implemented into AVL FIRE computational fluid dynamics code which was used to obtain all the presented results.

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A coupled simulation methodology for cavitating nozzle flow and spray formation has been developed at AVL and applied within the framework of the FIRE CFD code. In this approach a two-fluid model for cavitating nozzle flow inside the injector and a primary break-up model applied at the nozzle orifice are combined with the standard Discrete Droplet Model (DDM). Using an alternative calculation method presently also an approach with an Eulerian multi-fluid model applied for the nozzle and spray regions together is developed. A two-fluid model is used to simulate injector flows. The primary break-up model developed is based on locally resolved properties of the cavitating nozzle flow in the orifice cross section. The model delivers the initial droplet size and velocity distribution with droplet parcels released from the surface of a coherent liquid core. The characteristic feature of the results from the model is a remarkable asymmetry of the spray. Recent experimental findings from Chalmers University gained from a transparent model injector are used for model validation.