This study examined the economics of catfish production in Nigeria using Nsukka Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria as a case study. To achieve the study objectives, 40 catfish producers were randomly sampled and data for the study were collected with the aid of questionnaires. Descriptive statistics and net farm income analysis were employed for the analysis of the data collected. The study findings show that most (85%) of the catfish farmers were males, and majority of them are in their active ages (<35 to 55 years). About 20% of the total population sampled was involved in full time catfish farming and 80% were able to finance their catfish farm from personal savings. Majority of the respondents have rich experience in catfish farming and have attained some level of education which is expected to influence their output positively. The total cost of catfish production was estimated to be ₦584,968.041 ($1,614.73) per production cycle (average 7 months), and the total revenue generated from the sale of market size catfish in the study area was ₦2,257,098 ($6,226.48) per production cycle. The respondents made a net farm income of ₦1,672,129.96 ($4,615.70) in one production cycle (average 7 months). This indicates that catfish production is profitable in the area. To enhance the performance of catfish production, the study recommends improvement in infrastructural facilities that will create an enabling environment for increased productivity and profitability.

This study examined the access to credit by vegetable farmers in Nigeria with Owerri agricultural zone of Imo State, Nigeria as a case study. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 120 vegetable farmers. Descriptive and inferential statistics, logit model and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The results showed that the respondents had the following mean scores: Age 43.7 years, household size 6.2, average farming experience 9.9 years and farm size 1.32 ha. About 74.5% of these respondents accessed credit from informal sources while only 25.5% had access through formal sources. Logit model result showed that education and land tenure had significant (p<0.05) relationship with access to informal credit, while education, household size, off-farm income and farming experience had significant (p<0.10) relationship with farmers' access to formal credit. Factor analysis result showed that the constraints against vegetable farmers in obtaining formal credit in the study area were untimely delivery of credit, bureaucratic processes, high administrative charges, high interest rates, high transaction costs, unreliability and hidden charges. It is evident from this study that vegetable farmers in the study area did not have access to credit especially formal credit and therefore necessary agricultural credit schemes were recommended.

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There have been controversies surrounding the actual effect of 'green' product labels in influencing consumers towards eco-friendly behaviours. While some claim that the proliferation of private business standards are confusing rather than assisting eco-friendly consumers in their green purchasing decisions, others posit that it has had significant positive effect in influencing consumers towards 'green' purchasing. Still yet, some others found neutral effect of 'green' labels on consumer behaviour. The objective of this critical review is to determine if available evidencebased studies on the use of 'green' labels support or contradict the above claims, using a systematic review approach. This review adopted an analytical framework developed by Gupta et al. (2006) for modeling the impact of business programs on customer lifetime value (CLV). The result of the analysis confirmed varied effect of eco labels among different classes of consumers and for different products in developed and developing economies. Further evidence abounds of both positive impacts (customer acquisition and sustained patronage of eco-labelled products) and negative impacts (confusing/discouraging consumers due to generic information or high price of eco-labelled products). There is also little evidence of no impact, which suggests that eco-labels alone may not be sufficient to influence consumer behaviour. Further empirical research on the impact of eco-labels on product utilization and disposal was recommended.