Mastitis is positioned as the most vital ailment in dairy cows in light of conventional cost examinations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of different acute phase proteins (APPs), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy cows and in those with clinical or subclinical mastitis and to localize APP gene expression in the milk of mastitic cows. Therefore, 20 subclinical mastitic cows with positive California Mastitis Test (CMT) results and no clinical signs of mastitis, 15 clinically mastitic cows, and 15 healthy cows with negative CMT results and somatic cell count (SCC) of <600,000 cells/mL were selected. Milk and blood samples were collected. The present findings indicate that the biochemical parameters examined were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in cows with both types of mastitis, except for total protein, albumin, and GSH levels and the TAC, which were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, compared with values in the controls. Surprisingly, SAA and Hp gene expression were up-regulated in milk from cows with both forms of mastitis, while Fb expression was absent. The present study demonstrates that APPs, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and indicators of oxidative stress may serve as biomarkers of clinical and subclinical mastitis. Interestingly, the expression of SAA and Hp indicates the local de novo synthesis of these APPs within the mammary glands. Furthermore, the presence of SAA and Hp transcripts in milk cells derived from pathogen-free mammary glands proved their constitutive expression. However, future studies with more extensive baseline sampling are still needed to establish and validate the reference values for APPs, cytokines, and oxidative stress markers in cows.

Peptides in the 3-kDa ultrafiltrate of fermented whey protein isolate (WPI) medium could be responsible for the antivirulence activity of Lactobacillus helveticus LH-2 and Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 against Salmonella Typhimurium. Non-fermented and fermented media containing 5.6% WPI were fractionated at a 3 kDa cut-off and the filtrate was analyzed by mass spectrometry. The non-fermented WPI medium contained 109 milk derived peptides, which originated from β-casein (52), αs1-casein (22), αs2-casein (10), κ-casein (8), and β-lactoglobulin (17). Most of these peptides were not found in the fermented media, except for 14 peptides from β-casein and one peptide from αs2-casein. Database searches confirmed that 39 out of the 109 peptides had established physiological functions, including angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, or immunomodulating activity. A total of 75 peptides were found in the LH-2 cell free spent medium (CFSM): 54 from β-casein, 14 from k-casein, 4 from β-lactoglobulin and 3 from αs2-casein. From these peptides, 19 have previously been associated with several categories of bioactivity. For La-5 CFSM, a total of 15 peptides were sequenced: 8 from β-casein, 5 from αs1-casein, 2 from β-lactoglobulin. Only 5 of these have previously been reported as having bioactivity. Many of the peptides remaining in the fermented medium would contain low-affinity residues for oligopeptide binding proteins and higher resistance to peptidase hydrolysis. These properties of the sequenced peptides could explain their accumulation after fermentation despite the active proteolytic enzymes of LH-2 and La-5 strains. Down-regulated expression of hilA and ssrB genes in S. Typhimurium was observed in the presence of La-5 and LH-2 CFSM. Downregulation was not observed for the Salmonella oppA mutant strain exposed to the same CFSM used to treat the S. Typhimurium DT104 wild-type strain. This result suggests the importance of peptide transport by S. Typhimurium for down regulation of virulence genes in Salmonella.

Poultry meat is commonly marketed at refrigerated temperatures (2–5 °C). The major concern for retailers and consumers is the quality and safety of refrigerated poultry meat. During the chilling period, poultry meat undergoes too many undesirable changes due to microbial growth that leads to spoilage and economic loss. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the effects of olive leaf extracts (OLE) used at three concentrations (0.25, 0.5, and 1%) on the sensory attributes, as well as the chemical and microbiological quality of raw poultry meat stored at 4 ± 1 °C for 15 days. The results revealed that the OLE addition reduced microbial growth successfully, and maintained the chemical quality and sensory attributes of poultry meat. Moreover, OLE extended the shelf-life of the poultry meat that held under proper refrigeration conditions up to 15 days compared to the control group, that was completely spoiled by the sixth day of storage. This study concludes that OLE could be used both as a natural antioxidant and an antimicrobial preservative for chilled poultry meat held at refrigerated temperature.

The lack of studies regarding the mechanism of the protective effects of camel milk and bee honey against hepatotoxic compounds led us to perform this study. Thirty-six male rats were divided into two main groups. The first group (n = 9) comprised control non-cirrhotic rats. The rats of the second group (n = 27) were administered carbon tetrachloride (CCl) by intraperitoneal injection to induce liver cirrhosis. The cirrhotic rats were then divided into three equal subgroups, each comprising nine animals, as follows: (i) cirrhotic rats, (ii) cirrhotic rats treated with camel milk, and (iii) cirrhotic rats treated with camel milk and bee honey. The present findings revealed that CCl elevated the activities of liver enzymes, blood glucose levels, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in the serum and glycogen content in the liver. On the other hand, CCl significantly decreased phosphorylase activity in the liver tissue and significantly increased carbohydrate intolerance and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Moreover, CCl induced a significant increase in oxidative stress, along with increased expression of the profibrotic cytokine genes TNF-α and TGF-β. However, camel milk either alone or in combination with bee honey ameliorated these toxic actions. The antioxidant properties of these protective agents and their effects of downregulating certain procirrhotic cytokine gene transcripts underlie this protection.

Due to the effect of cold treatment on the amino acid profile of meat has not sufficiently studied. This study aimed to study the effect of freezing temperature and duration of frozen storage on amino acid profile and fatty acid pattern in imported beef meat, local beef meat, chicken breast and Nile tilapia fish. The effect of freezing on lipid and protein oxidative stability of meat was also measured. The selected meat under research was frozen at different temperature (-7 o C) for 1month of local beef, fish and chicken breast meat and (-18 o C) for 3 and 6 months of imported meat. The result show the effect of freezing on amino acid as the total amount of essential and nonessential amino acids and amount of each amino acid of meat samples are reduced during the freezing process. However there is no significant difference between the frozen imported meat beef for 3 and 6 months except glycine and glutamic acid were changed from 17.02±0.41 to (14.28±0.66 ; 12.73±0.36) and from (49.24±0.46 to 46.90±0.37 ; 45.05±0.38) respectively. There is a significant effect of frozen storage duration on saturated fatty acids (SFA), unsaturated fatty acids (USFA) and total fatty acids (TFAs). A significant (P >0.05) increase in total volatile nitrogen (TVN) value after freezing for 3 and 6 months in imported beef meat from 14.41±0.21 to 15.50± 0.29 and 18.25±0.27 respectively, also in frozen fish samples from 18.41±0.35 to 21.11±0.47. While there is no significant (P>0.05) difference in frozen local beef meat and frozen chicken meat samples. Moreover, there was an increment in the rate of lipid oxidation during frozen storage of the examined samples but within acceptable limit. The present study concluded that cold treatment had a great impact on chemical composition of meat especially amino acids profile and fatty acids pattern regardless the duration of freezing storage.

Carica papaya is a perennial plant containing bioactive constituents with free radical‐scavenging and immune‐modulating activities. In contrast, the immune suppression is predominant in the periparturient period, where oxidative stress has a substantial impact on the mammary gland health. The aim of the experiment reported here was to determine the potential effect of C. papaya aqueous extract (CPE) on milk production traits, and expression of genes and proteins related to immune and antioxidant status in dairy milk somatic cells (MSCs). Forty Friesian dairy cows were divided equally between a control and CPE‐treated groups (orally drenched 250 µg/kg bwt, once weekly a month before expected parturition and continued until 5 months post‐partum). CPE did not affect milk yield or composition but upregulated the expression of β13‐defensin (DEFB13), cathelicidin 2 (CATHL2), cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CATHL3), hepcidin (HAMP), lysozyme (LYZ), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) in MSCs. The environmental micro‐organisms did not influence the levels of the transcripts. The DEFB13, CATHL2, CATHL3, HAMP and LYZ, but not β1‐defensin (DEFB1) transcripts and proteins were constitutively expressed in MSCs obtained from pathogen‐free udders. It could be concluded that CPE has immunostimulant and antioxidant activities; thereby, it could be utilized to minimize the occurrence of mastitis.

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