IntroductionFour species of Capillaria were found in eight species of wild carnivorous mammals (286 carcasses) taken in Ontario, Canada. C. plica was found in the urinary bladder of raccoon (Procyon lotor), red fox (Vuipes vulpes), coyote (Canis latrans), fisher (Martes pennanti) and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis); C. putorii in the stomach and intestine of short-tailed weasel (Mustela erminea), mink (M. vison), fisher, marten (Mattes americana), striped skunk and raccoon; C. aerophila in the mucosa of the trachea and bronchi of red fox and marten and C. procyonis in the epithelial lining of the oesophagus of raccoon and striped skunk. All four Capillaria spp. are redescribed and specimens of each species from different host species are compared. A key to the identification of the above species as well as C. didelphis and (7. hepatica is presented. Specimens of C. erinacei and additional material of C. putorii were obtained on loan. Specimens named C. mustelorum by previous authors were collected from carnivores in Ontario. C. mustelorum and C. erinacei are considered to be synonyms of C. putorii.The genus Capillaria is briefly reviewed historically and the recognition of other genera, based on single characters, is discussed and rejected.The possibility of accommodating the Capillaria spp. from Canadian carnivorous mammals in the sub-genera Capillaria and Thominx is discussed and dismissed.t Present address: attempted to split the genus Capillaria by placing species in other genera of which the following have been recognized in recent papers;

Abstract. The independent and interacting effects of plant genotype and site (i.e. environment) on the acceptability of white spruce, Picea gluaca (Moench) Voss, to the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mut. & Free. and on plant suitability for egg development, were studied at four sites in New Brunswick, Canada. A greater proportion of shoots on trees in two half‐sib families, previously designated as highly susceptible, were partially eaten by spruce bud moths than shoots on trees in two half‐sib families with low susceptibility. At the site with the highest bud moth population, oviposition was highest on trees in susceptible families and on branches damaged by bud moth larvae. Oviposition was not higher on trees in susceptible families at the other three sites, resulting in a strong tree genotype × site interaction for oviposition. Although there was a significant tree genotype × site interaction for egg predation, egg survival was higher on trees in susceptible families at all sites, due to lower levels of egg parasitism and predation. Egg densities were positively but weakly correlated to shoot length and diameter. There were no consistent relationships between shoot length, shoot diameter, needle length or needle density and per cent egg survival, parasitism or predation. Because egg survival was higher on trees in susceptible families at all sites but egg densities were only higher on trees in susceptible families at one site, host plant acceptability and suitability were positively related at only one site. We speculate that Z.canadensis does not distinguish between hosts of different suitability until trees are heavily damaged.

ABSTRACT:Giant liver fluke (Fascioloides magna) populations readily expand under suitable conditions. Although extirpated from the eastern slopes of the Canadian Rocky Mountains in the early 1960s, the fluke reappeared following natural spread through mountain passes from British Columbia. Herein, we assessed epizootiology of the fluke population two decades later. Between 1984 and 1991, 534 ungulates, including 381 elk (Cervus canadensis), 68 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), 54 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and 31 moose (Alces alces) from adjacent areas of Alberta (AB) and British Columbia (BC), Canada, were examined for giant liver flukes. Prevalence in elk increased from 53% to 79% in Banff National Park (BNP) in AB and 77% to 100% (1985-89) in Kootenay National Park (KNP) in BC. Super-infections (.100 flukes) were more common in later years. Generally, prevalence increased over time and with increasing age of elk. Intensity was lowest in young-of-year (BNP 865, KNP 3), but similar in yearlings (BNP 36611, KNP 2368) and adults (BNP 3365, KNP 3266). Prevalence was similar in male and female elk. Intensity was higher in males (BNP 4767, KNP 46612) than in females (BNP 2866, KNP 2264), although the maximum number of flukes (545) occurred in a female elk. Prevalence and intensity differed among other species of ungulates but patterns were similar in each park. Prevalence was lower in mule deer (BNP 6%, KNP 4%) than in white-tailed deer (BNP 44%, KNP 28%) and moose (BNP 52%, KNP 63%). Intensity differed among these species but never exceeded 30 flukes. Gravid flukes occurred only in elk and white-tailed deer. Transmission occurred primarily in late summer-fall and in wet habitats. At least seven elk died as a direct result of fluke infection. In this region, elk and white-tailed deer maintain the F. magna population with spillover into moose and, rarely, mule deer.

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Ascarophis sp., including sexually mature adult worms, was commonly recorded in the amphipod Gammarus oceanicus Segerstr~le in the northern Baltic Sea and also in Gammarus sp. in estuarine localities in the New Brunswick region of the north-western Atlantic. Species of the genus Ascarophis van Beneden (Nematoda: Cystidicolidae) are known as parasites of marine and brackish water fishes, whereas generally only larval forms have been reported from crustaceans. Adults as well as larval stages are described (LM and SEM) and the infection dynamics is analysed in relation to the amphipod population. The results suggest a direct transmission of embryonated eggs to new amphipods, although this remains to be verified experimentally.