Kondratyeva et al. Exogenous Factors in Vitamin D Results: We found that the blood level of 25(OH)D depended on the geographical location and the number of sunny days per year. The average blood level of 25(OH)D in adolescent boys was statistically significantly lower than in girls of this age group. The level of 25(OH)D also significantly depended on the prophylactic dose of cholecalciferol administered to the subjects. In the study, it was shown that a dose of cholecalciferol ≥1,000 IU per day can achieve a normal level of 25(OH)D in healthy children. We found no statistically significant association between single-nucleotide polymorphic variants of cytochrome P450 genes (CYP2C9 * 3, CYP3A4 * 3, CYP2C9 * 2, CYP2D6 * 4, and CYP3A4 * 1B) and blood level of 25(OH)D in the subjects. We also did not find a relationship between the TaqI, FokI, and BsmI polymorphisms of the VDR gene and serum 25(OH)D concentration. Conclusion: Exogenous factors (time of year, place of residence, and prophylactic administration of cholecalciferol), as well as endogenous factors (age and sex), play a determining role in the development of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency; in contrast to genetic factors-polymorphic variants of the genes of xenobiotic phase 1 enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) and the VDR gene-which do not play such role. This study shows the need to create a diagnostic algorithm for Vitamin D deficiency based on the age, season of the year, and prophylactic dose of cholecalciferol.

25(OH)D sufficiency was studied among 103 patients with oncohematological diseases living in the Moscow regions. A high frequency of severe deficiency was shown in 41,7% of children, deficiency in 31,1% of cases, insufficiency in 22,3% of cases, 4.9% of children have a normal content of 25(OH)D. As the age increases, 25(OH)D deficiency becomes more pronounced. Impaired supply of 25(OH)D in patients with oncohematological diseases is observed throughout the year and is aggravated in the winter-spring period.

Objective. To assess serum 25(OH)D levels in patients with various diseases living in Moscow and the Moscow region, considering the season of the year and age. Patients and methods. A cross-sectional uncontrolled diagnostic trial was performed. It included 10.707 people: 8,441 (78.8%) women and 2,266 (21.2%) men; children accounted for 15% (1,501 children) and adults – for 85% (9,206 people); the mean age of adults was 49.86 ± 21.92 years and that of children – 13.45 ± 11.76 years. Results. The maximum prevalence of severe 25(OH)D deficiency was revealed among patients with neoplasms (48.9%); patients with diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue had severe 25(OH)D deficiency in 16.9% of cases, with urogenital diseases – in 19.6% of cases, with digestive diseases – in 19.0% of cases, with perinatal diseases – in 15.7% of cases, with diseases of blood and hematopoietic organs – in 22.3% of cases, which proved to be 2-3 times more frequent compared to individuals with diseases of other classes. Individuals who underwent preventive examination had the lowest prevalence (1.4%) of severe 25(OH)D deficiency. In case of diseases with chronic progressive autoimmune inflammation (type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), rheumatoid arthritis (RA)), neoplasms, as well as in complications of diseases of various pathogenesis, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), vitamin D deficiency was observed throughout the year, which did not correspond to increasing daylight hours. Children with perinatal diseases and born preterm had low levels and severe deficiency of 25(OH)D, which occurred immediately after birth. Conclusion. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 82.9%; the lowest serum 25(OH)D levels were recorded in winter and spring. Severe year-round serum 25(OH)D deficiency was revealed in patients with autoimmune diseases and chronic kidney disease. Key words: adults, vitamin D, inflammation, 25(OH)D, children, deficiency, seasons of the year

Metal affinity precipitation has been successfully developed as a simple purification process for the proteins that have affinity for the metal ions. The copolymers of vinylimidazole with N-isopropylacrylamide are easily synthesized by radical polymerization. When loaded with Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions, these copolymers are capable of selectively precipitating proteins with natural metal-binding groups or histidine-tagged recombinant proteins.

Introduction. Carrying out studies on the supply of vitamin D in the Russian population is an important task in order to demonstrate the global nature of the problem of vitamin D deficiency.Objective of  the  study. To conduct a  study of  the  level of  vitamin  D at different age periods and to assess the  relationship of the 25(OH)D supply with the seasons of the year.Materials and methods. The study included 10707 people, 78.8% (n = 2323) women and 21.2% (n = 2266) men, mean age 49.86 ± 21.925 years (Me 56.00).Results. Only 17.1% (n = 1833) of the examined had an adequate level of 25(OH)D, 31.4% (n = 3362) people had an insufficient level of 25 (OH) D, 43.7% (n = 4681) of the examined – a deficiency of 25(OH)D and among 7.8% (n = 831) a severe deficiency of 25(OH)D was revealed. An adequate level of 25(OH)D was found only in the group of children under 3 years of age (mean value 40.55 ng/ml). From 4 to 7 years of age, there is a pronounced 2-fold decrease in the concentration of 25(OH)D in all seasons of the year. A consistently low content of 25(OH)D is observed in the period 8-10 years – 20.91 ng / ml, and in the period 11-18 years – 18.30 ng/ml. The lowest average values of 25(OH)D were found at the age of 11-18 years (18.30 ng/ml) and from 19 to 22 years (19.15 ng/ml), as well as in senile (76 years and above) age (19.05 ng/ml). The lowest median concentration of 25(OH)D is recorded in spring (17.70 ng/ml) and winter (18.80 ng/ml), with a slight positive trend in summer (20.40 ng/ml) and autumn (22.00 ng/ml) season.Conclusions. The optimal level of 25(OH)D was found in every fifth (17.1%) subject, vitamin D deficiency (20.01–30.00 ng/ml) was observed in  every third (3362  people out of  10707  examined, 31.4%), a  moderate calcidiol deficiency is recorded among 4681 people (43.7%), a severe deficiency of 25 (OH) D among the surveyed is 7.8%.

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