To assess an effect of vaccination on the level of humoral anti-influenza herd immunity, 2955 sera were collected and analyzed by HIT in the 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 epidemiological seasons. All sera were obtained from healthy adult donors residing in various cities of the Russian Federation. Among them, 1057 volunteers were vaccinated with seasonal influenza trivalent inactivated vaccine. Characteristics of humoral anti-influenza immunity (average geometric antibody titers and the proportion of individuals seropositive for the vaccine viruses) obtained in autumn 2019 and 2020 (1–2 months after vaccination) in vaccinated individuals vs. unvaccinated subjects were found to be markedly higher evidencing about a positive vaccination-related contribution to developing herd immunity against influenza in the preepidemic periods. After the 2019–2020 influenza epidemic, in spring 2020 (6–7 months after vaccination), the levels of antibodies to all vaccine components decreased by 2.6–3.5-fold in vaccinated donors compared to the pre-epidemic period in 2019 autumn. Antibody titers became substantially lower than the protective level (titer by HIT < 1/40). At the same time, no significant differences between the groups of vaccinated vs. unvaccinated individuals were observed afterwards. This indicates instability of post-vaccination anti-influenza humoral immunity. As a result, it may decrease an influenza-resistant population cohort of working age on the eve of new epidemic season. The immunogenicity of the inactivated trivalent seasonal influenza vaccine was estimated by HIT while analyzing paired sera obtained from 295 and 112 healthy individuals of various ages vaccinated in autumn 2019 and 2020, respectively. The response to the vaccine was found to be age-related. Children aged 3–14 years vs. older subjects showed a more efficient response. Insufficient immunogenicity of influenza B virus vaccine components was shown. In all age groups, average geometric titers for influenza B virus antibodies were lower (2–8-fold) than for current A(H1N1)pdm09-like strains and influenza A(H3N2) viruses 1–1.5 months post-vaccination. Analyzing vaccine immunogenicity showed a significant inverse relationship between the level of preexisting strain-specific serum antibodies before vaccination and formation of antibodies to the corresponding vaccine virus 1–1.5 months after vaccination. Seroconversion to each vaccine component was remarkably more frequent in individuals with a low preexisting level of antibodies specific to the corresponding virus.
In the present study we investigated the possibility of using the waste of the lignocellulosic hydrolysates biodetoxification as a seed treater for wheat varieties zoned in the West Siberian region including the Tomsk region. The wastes are microbiocenoses of activated sludge, depleted during the detoxification process and capable of growing on toxic substrates. The study was conducted on three experimental objects and on wheat varieties Iren, Novosibirskaya 3, Novosibirskaya 51. For comparison, reference objects of biological preparations for plant protection Alirin-B, Fitosporin-M were used. The study showed that the waste of lignocellulosic hydrolysates biodetoxification had antifungal activity. The effectiveness of reducing the total contamination of seed infection in different experiments with experimental samples ranged from 52 to 82%. In some cases, the reference variants proved to be ineffective; the maximum effect on reducing the total seed contamination was achieved by Alirin-B and amounted about 30%. Seed treatment of wheat by the waste biodetoxification of different origins reduced the prevalence pathogens of seed wheat. At the same time the treatment did not significantly affect the increase in the parameters of plant growth and development (germination, length and weight of sprouts).
The antifungal and growth-stimulating activity of biological detoxification waste products of hydrolysates of lignocellulosic raw materials in vitro and in vivo was evaluated in comparison with reference preparations (Alirin-B, Fitosporin-M) and control (sterile tap water). These wastes are specially adapted microbocenoses of activated sludge, worked out in the process of purification of hydrolyzates of lignocellulosic raw materials from inhibitors of acetone butyl fermentation. The agronomic value of biodetoxification waste was studied in three prototypes of different nature, using Iren spring wheat as an example. The results showed that detoxification bioagents, regardless of origin, showed fungistatic activity at the in vitro and in vivo study stages (biotest). In an in vitro experiment, all test samples showed significant antifungal activity against the fungus F. oxysporum. The most effective was the biodetoxification waste obtained on the basis of microbocenosis of activated sludge grown on a nutrient medium containing phenol, formic and acetic acid. As a result of exposure to this bioagent at the end of the experiment, the average diameter of the colonies of the fungus F. oxysporum was approximately 34 times less than in the control version. The detoxification bioagent, obtained on the basis of a specially adapted microbocenosis of activated sludge grown on a nutrient medium simulating wastewater, reduced the diameter of phytopathogenic fungus colonies by an average of 16 times. Specially adapted activated sludge from the sewage treatment facilities of the wood processing enterprise, worked out during the detoxification of hydrolysates of lignocellulosic raw materials, was also able to effectively suppress fungus growth, the average diameter of which was 19 times less than the control. The biotest results also confirmed the fungistatic activity of the test samples. The effectiveness of reducing the total infection with seminal infections in different experimental variants ranged from 52 to 84%. The growth-promoting ability of biodetoxification waste was weak.
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