3D space registration and visualization has become an imperative need in order to optimally reflect all complex cases of rapid urbanization of property rights and restrictions. Besides, current technological advances as well as the availability of sophisticated software packages (proprietary or open source) call for 3D modeling especially in the GIS domain. Within this context, GIS community's present demands concerning the third dimension are discussed, while a variety of 3D modeling techniques is presented, with special emphasis on procedural modeling. Procedural modeling refers to a variety of techniques for the algorithmic generation of detailed 3D models and composite facade textures from sets of rules which are called grammars. In this paper procedural modeling is employed via CityEngine software focusing on the 3D visualization of the National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) campus' three-dimensional model, rendering a higher detail on the School of Rural and Surveying Engineering (SRSE). This algorithmic modeling concept is based on the principle that all real world buildings are defined by rules, since repetitive patterns and hierarchical components describe their geometry. The detailed geometries of the model derived from the application of CGA (Computer Generated Architecture) shape grammars on selected footprints, and the process resulted in a final 3D model, optimally describing the built environment and proved to be a good practice example of 3D visualization.

Commission VI, WG VI/4 KEY WORDS: indoor space, 3D modeling, network analysis, ArcScene, geoprocessing model, Network Analyst, CityEngine ABSTRACT:Indoor space differs from outdoor environments, since it is characterized by a higher level of structural complexity, geometry, as well as topological relations. Indoor space can be considered as the most important component in a building's conceptual modelling, on which applications such as indoor navigation, routing or analysis are performed. Therefore, the conceptual meaning of sub spaces or the activities taking place in physical building boundaries (e.g. walls), require the comprehension of the building's indoor hierarchical structure. The scope of this paper is to perform 3D network analysis in a building's interior and is structured as follows: In Section 1 the definition of indoor space is provided and indoor navigation requirements are analysed. Section 2 describes the processes of indoor space modeling, as well as routing applications. In Section 3, a case study is examined involving a 3D building model generated in CityEngine (exterior shell) and ArcScene (interior parts), in which the use of commercially available software tools (ArcGIS, ESRI), in terms of indoor routing and 3D network analysis, are explored. The fundamentals of performing 3D analysis with the ArcGIS Network Analyst extension were tested. Finally a geoprocessing model was presented, which was specifically designed to be used to interactively find the best route in ArcScene. The paper ends with discussion and concluding remarks on section 4.

Contemporary urban environment is characterized by complexity and mixed use of space, in which overlapping land parcels and different RRRs (Rights, Restrictions and Responsibilities) are frequent phenomena. Internationally, real property legislation either focuses on surface property or has introduced individual 3D real property units. The former approach merely accommodates issues related to subdivision, expropriation and transactions on part of the real property above or below surface, while the latter provides for defining and registering 3D real property units. National laws require two-dimensional real property descriptions and only a limited number of jurisdictions provide for threedimensional data presentation and recording. International awareness on 3D Cadastre may be apparent through the proposals for transition of existing cadastral systems to 3D along with legal amendments improving national 3D Cadastre legislation. Concurrently the use of appropriate data sources and the correct depiction of 3D property units' boundaries and spatial relationships need to be addressed. Spatial relations and constraints amongst real world objects could be modeled geometrically and topologically utilizing numerous modeling tools, e.g. CityGML, BIM and further sophisticated 3D software or by adapting international standards, e.g. LADM. A direct correlation between legal and physical property should be based on consistent geometry between physical and legal space, improving the accuracy that legal spaces' volumes or locations are defined. To address these issues, this paper investigates correlation possibilities and constraints between legal and physical space of typical 3D property cases. These cases comprise buildings or their interior spaces with mixed use, as well as complex structures described by explicit facade patterns, generated by procedural or by BIM ready 3D models. The 3D models presented are evaluated, regarding compliancy to physical or legal reality.

ABSTRACT:Over the last decades 3D modelling has been a fast growing field in Geographic Information Science, extensively applied in various domains including reconstruction and visualization of cultural heritage, especially monuments and traditional settlements. Technological advances in computer graphics, allow for modelling of complex 3D objects achieving high precision and accuracy. Procedural modelling is an effective tool and a relatively novel method, based on algorithmic modelling concept. It is utilized for the generation of accurate 3D models and composite facade textures from sets of rules which are called Computer Generated Architecture grammars (CGA grammars), defining the objects' detailed geometry, rather than altering or editing the model manually. In this paper, procedural modelling tools have been exploited to generate the 3D model of a traditional settlement in the region of Central Zagori in Greece. The detailed geometries of 3D models derived from the application of shape grammars on selected footprints, and the process resulted in a final 3D model, optimally describing the built environment of Central Zagori, in three levels of Detail (LoD). The final 3D scene was exported and published as 3D web-scene which can be viewed with 3D CityEngine viewer, giving a walkthrough the whole model, same as in virtual reality or game environments. This research work addresses issues regarding textures' precision, LoD for 3D objects and interactive visualization within one 3D scene, as well as the effectiveness of large scale modelling, along with the benefits and drawbacks that derive from procedural modelling techniques in the field of cultural heritage and more specifically on 3D modelling of traditional settlements.* Corresponding author 1. BACKGROUND IntroductionTraditional architecture and cultural heritage in terms of traditional buildings, settlements and man-made environment of, inter alia, historical, folkloric, social and aesthetic value, constitute unique characteristics and are protected by international treaties, ratified and implemented through national legislation. In Greece, protection of cultural heritage is provided by the Constitution, implemented by national legislation. Traditional settlements constitute a significant part of Greek cultural heritage. Specifically, 830 settlements have been identified as "traditional settlements" by the Ministry of Environment and Energy (YPEKA), most of which are located in often isolated mountainous or island regions. Statutory legislation for the protection of these settlements is characterised by various malfunctions including institutions with overlapping responsibilities, lacking of systematic organisation of traditional settlements' protection standards and deficient implementation of relative measures. Such deficiencies result in landscape alteration, especially regarding its historic and cultural components, which requires efficient management and protection of traditional architecture and cultural heritage, by means of supporting and promotin...

ABSTRACT:3D property registration has become an imperative need in order to optimally reflect all complex cases of the multilayer reality of property rights and restrictions, revealing their vertical component. This paper refers to the potentials and multiple applications of 3D cadastral systems and explores the current state-of-the art, especially the available software with which 3D visualization can be achieved. Within this context, the Hellenic Cadastre's current state is investigated, in particular its data modeling frame. Presenting the methodologies and specifications addressing the registration of 3D properties, the operating cadastral system's shortcomings and merits are pointed out. Nonetheless, current technological advances as well as the availability of sophisticated software packages (proprietary or open source) call for 3D modeling. In order to register and visualize the complex reality in 3D, Esri's CityEngine modeling software has been used, which is specialized in the generation of 3D urban environments, transforming 2D GIS Data into Smart 3D City Models. The application of the 3D model concerns the Campus of the National Technical University of Athens, in which a complex ownership status is established along with approved special zoning regulations. The 3D model was built using different parameters based on input data, derived from cadastral and urban planning datasets, as well as legal documents and architectural plans. The process resulted in a final 3D model, optimally describing the cadastral situation and built environment and proved to be a good practice example of 3D visualization.