15Inefficient phosphorus (P) use in intensive agriculture is common in both organic and 16 conventional systems, resulting in P over-application and soil P build-up. Increasing crop P 17 removal and P recycling within farming systems (e.g., via cover crops) and reducing P inputs 18 lower P surpluses, resulting in more balanced P budgets. Lowering P inputs to reduce soil P 19 surpluses is easier with mineral fertilizers for which nitrogen (N) and P inputs can be decoupled, 20whereas reducing inputs of organic amendments with a constrained N:P stoichiometry (manures, 21 composts) often results in N under-fertilization and lower yields. We computed farm-gate P 22 budgets for several vegetable and grain cropping systems in two long-term California 23 agricultural experiments that vary in terms of inputs (mineral fertilizers, organic fertilizers, 24
Abstract. The Century Experiment at the Russell Ranch Sustainable Agriculture Facility at the University of California, Davis provides long-term agroecological data from row crop systems in California's Central Valley starting in 1993. The Century Experiment was initially designed to study the effects of a gradient of water and nitrogen availability on soil properties and crop performance in ten different cropping systems to measure tradeoffs and synergies between agricultural productivity and sustainability. Currently systems include 11 different cropping systems-consisting of four different crops and a cover crop mixture-and one native grass system. This paper describes the long-term core data from the Century Experiment from 1993-2014, including crop yields and biomass, crop elemental contents, aerial-photo-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index data, soil properties, weather, chemical constituents in irrigation water, winter weed populations, and operational data including fertilizer and pesticide application amounts and dates, planting dates, planting quantity and crop variety, and harvest dates. This data set represents the only known long-term set of data characterizing food production and sustainability in irrigated and rainfed Mediterranean annual cropping systems. There are no copyright restrictions associated with the use of this dataset.
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