Caffeine is a well-known sperm motility stimulator, however, its effects on cooling-stored ram semen are unknown. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of caffeine on selected motility and viability indices of cooling-stored ram spermatozoa. Sperm ejaculates from 4 rams were diluted (1:3) in a Triladyl extender. Samples were stored for 96 h at 4-5 °C in two sets. In the first set used for motility analysis, caffeine at concentrations of 1, 2 or 4 mmol·l -1 was added to sperm aliquots on the day of analysis. In the second set used for viability assay, caffeine at the same concentrations (1, 2 or 4 mmol·l -1 ) was added at the beginning of storage. Control was left without caffeine addition. Sperm motility was analyzed at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h of cooling-storage. Viability assays were done after 72-96 h of cooling-storage. Caffeine significantly (P < 0.05) increased sperm motility and progressive movement and maintained this value for 72 h. Caffeine at the dose of 2 mmol·l -1 and 4 mmol·l -1 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the proportion of dead/necrotic sperm detected by propidium iodide and proportion of apoptotic sperm detected by Yo-Pro-1, respectively. No effect of caffeine on plasma membrane integrity was noted. Proportion of sperm with membrane destabilization (annexin V-Fluos) was reduced by caffeine given at 1 and 4 mmol·l -1 compared to control. Our study for the first time demonstrates that caffeine maintains motility and viability of cooling-stored ram sperm for longer time compared to control. Methylxanthines, membrane integrity, membrane stability, apoptosis, motilityProgress in the use of artificial insemination is related to search for substances with the potential ability to improve the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa. Caffeine is a cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor which stimulates sperm motility, fructolysis, and respiration and also increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) titres (Fraser and Monks 1990). Positive correlation between the intracellular concentration of cAMP and the rates of progressive motility, fructose utilization, and protein synthesis by ram spermatozoa was observed (Salem et al. 1992). The effects of caffeine are concentrationdependent and species-specific. Studies on bulls revealed that 4 mmol·l -1 of caffeine is an ideal concentration for semen fortification to improve the preservability and postthaw sperm motility (Singh and Raina 2000). At higher concentrations (10 mmol·l -1 ) caffeine induces an increase in intracellular calcium and the immediate hyperactivation of incubated ram sperm (Colas et al. 2010). Compared to fresh semen, cooled semen is more predisposed to decrease in sperm motility and higher incidence of morphological alterations, which may reduce sperm fertility and increase embryonic loses (Aisen et al. 2002;Gil et al. 2003). The data on caffeine effect on frozen-thawed semen are available; however, there are no reports on the effects of caffeine on cooling-stored ram semen evaluated in relation to indices of sperm viab...

Abstract. The aim of the study was to examine the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on ram sperm traits following hypothermic storage. Fresh ram ejaculates were diluted in Triladyl extender, pooled and divided into groups according to EGF doses added (0, 100, 200 or 400 ng/ml). Following 72-96 h storage at 4°C, the spermatozoa were stained for a plasma membrane integrity (PNA-FITC), membrane phosphatidylserine (PS) translocation (annexin V-Fluos) and apoptosis (Yo-Pro-1), and analyzed by fluorescent microscopy. Sperm motility was measured using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and sperm fertilizing ability was tested using in vitro penetration/fertilization test on bovine prematured oocytes. EGF increased sperm motility at all doses tested, decreased the proportion of spermatozoa with damaged plasma membrane (at 200 or 400 ng/ml), and decreased the proportion of apoptotic (Yo-Pro-1) spermatozoa when given at 200 or 400 (but not 100) ng/ml. The proportion of spermatozoa with PS translocations (8.5%) was affected by neither of the EGF concentrations tested. However, fertilizing ability of ram sperm in the in vitro test was not improved by EGF (200 ng/ml). In summary, EGF when given at higher concentrations improved sperm viability and motility after cooling storage, but these effects were not reflected in sperm fertilizing ability in vitro.

Various pesticides have immuno-suppressive effects, and thus the organisms become responsive to viral, bacterial and parasitic diseases and neoplasm. The aim of the study was to observe the structure of the small intestine (height of enterocytes and crypts), mucosal lymphoid tissue (Payer's patches, lymphocytes in lamina propria) and a lymph node after administration of bendiocarb (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl-methylcarbamate) on days 3, 10, 20, 30 and 60 of the experiment. The height of the observed enterocytes showed an increasing tendency. On days 20, 30 and 60 we also observed an increase in diameter of crypts located in intestinal epithelium. The number of cells in lamina propria mucosae was significantly reduced on days 20 and 30 after administration of bendiocarb. Observations of the lymph node showed that on days 10 and 20 there was a significant increase in relative volume of medulla at the expense of the relative volume of the cortex and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. However, we recorded an increase in diameter of lymphocytes. The intracellular parasite Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) belongs to the most common pathogenic parasites in the world and it can cause serious health complications in pregnant and immunodeficient individuals. DNA isolation, standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and visualization in a 2.5 % agarose gel, the presence of DNA T. gondii was detected in no examined rabbit brain samples. Using real time PCR T. gondii DNA was detected and quantified in the three rabbit brain samples (10 %).

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on ram sperm traits after hypothermic storage. Sperm ejaculates from Lacaune rams were diluted in a Tris extender, pooled, divided into groups of IGF-I doses tested (0, 10, 100 or 200 ng.ml-1) and stored (0-5°C) for 96 h. IGF-I elevated whole sperm motility as measured by a Computer-assisted Sperm Analyser (CASA) system, by 24 h (10 ng.ml-1) and 48 h (200 ng.ml-1) of storage, and by progressive movement on each day of storage. After 72 h the sperm samples were analysed for plasma membrane integrity (peanut agglutinin-fluorescein isothiocyanate), membrane stability (annexin V-Fluos) and apoptosis (Yo-Pro®-1) using fluorescence microscopy. The addition of IGF-I (at 100 or 200 ng.ml-1) reduced the ratio of sperm with disrupted membranes and the ratio of annexin V-labelled sperm. The ratio of apoptotic sperm was reduced by IGF-I given at 10 or 100 ng.ml-1 compared with control. Sperm fertilizing ability, determined at 48 h by an in vitro fertilization (IVF) test on bovine oocytes, was increased by IGF-I given at 100 ng.ml-1 from 47.0 to 67.7%. In conclusion, IGF-I maintained ram sperm functions following cooling storage and its effects were reflected in sperm fertilizing ability in vitro.

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is one of the important cytokines that play a role in fertility. It is known that EGF affects both male and female reproduction, but its effect on sperm parameters is not fully understood. Up to the present, the effect of EGF on ram sperm motility parameters has not been published. We analyzed motility parameters of ejaculates after 24, 48, and 72 hours from the EGF addition. EGF was added to chilled ram sperm at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, and 400 ng·ml−1. Analyses were realized using computer, assisted semen analyzer (CASA)—Hamilton Thorn motility analyzer (version 7). The effect of EGF was already visible after 30 min of incubation. Significant effect on ram sperm total motility and progressive movement was observed at higher EGF concentrations after 48 h of incubation. Our results show that EGF affects sperm motility parameters depending on concentration and time of exposure.