BackgroundIn January 2014, a national bowel cancer screening program started in the Netherlands. The program is being implemented in phases until 2019. Due to this program, an increase in patients referred for a colorectal resection for benign, but endoscopically unresectable polyps, is expected. So far, most resections are performed according to oncological principles despite no pre-operative histological diagnosis of malignancy. The aim of this study was to analyze the increase in referred patients during the first year of the screening program and to compare pathological results and clinical outcome of resections of patients undergoing resection for benign polyps before and after implementation of screening.MethodsPatients referred for colorectal resection without biopsy-proven cancer between January 2009 and January December 2014 were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients with endoscopically macroscopic features of carcinoma were excluded.ResultsSeventy-six patients were included. Forty-seven patients (61.8%) were operated on in the 5 years prior to implementation of the screening program, and 29 patients (38.2%) were operated during the first year of implementation of the screening program. The overall malignancy rate before the introduction of the program was 14.1 and 6.6% after it had started (p = .469). All resections were performed laparoscopically; the conversion rate was 3.9% (n = 3). The overall mortality rate was 2.7% (n = 2), major complications (Clavien–Dindo > 3b) occurred in 11.8% (n = 9) of patients. The anastomotic leakage rate was 3.9% (n = 3).ConclusionsThe number of patients referred for benign polyps tripled after introduction of the screening program. With an overall major morbidity and mortality rate of 11.8%, it seems valid to discuss whether an endoscopic excision with advanced techniques with or without laparoscopic assistance would be preferable in this patient group, accepting a 6.6% reoperation rate for additional oncological resection with lymph node sampling in patients in whom a malignancy is found on histological analysis of the complete polyp.