In Experiment 1, a dose-response study ofplace conditioning with amphetamine was conducted. Male Sprague-Dawley rats receiving 0.0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, 5.0, 7.5, or 10.0 mglkg of d-amphetamine underwent 10 4-day cycles ofplace conditioning. On alternate days, each rat was injected with its designated dose of amphetamine while confined to its originally nonpreferred end of a three-compartment, straight alley box. On intervening days, each rat was injected with saline while confined to its originally preferred compartment. Following each 4-day cycle, a choice test was administered in which each rat was allowed 20 min of access to the entire alley box. Doses of amphetamine (~0.5 mglkg) induced a significant avoidance of the compartment in which amphetamine had been administered. In Experiment 2, animals received 0.0, 0.5, 2.0, or 5.0 mglkg of amphetamine and underwent place conditioning procedures identical to those for the animals in Experiment 1. Unlike in Experiment 1, the animals were given a single choice test following 10 4-day place conditioning cycles. All groups that received amphetamine exhibited a conditioned place avoidance. In Experiment 3, the effect ofvarious es-ucs intervals on place conditioning with 2.0 mglkg of amphetamine was examined. Animals that received amphetamine immediately following their removal from the chamber exhibited a conditioned place avoidance.
Previous studies have shown that genes involved in fatty acid uptake, fatty acid oxidation, and thermogenesis are downregulated in liver and skeletal muscle of rats during lactation. However, biochemical mechanisms underlying these important metabolic adaptations during lactation have not yet been elucidated. As all these genes are transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a (Ppara), we hypothesized that their downregulation is mediated by a suppression of Ppara during lactation. In order to investigate this hypothesis, we performed an experiment with lactating and nonlactating Ppara knockout and corresponding wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, lactation led to a considerable downregulation of Ppara, Ppar coactivators Pgc1a and Pgc1b, and Ppara target genes involved in fatty acid uptake, fatty acid oxidation, and thermogenesis in liver and skeletal muscle (P!0 . 05). Ppara knockout mice had generally a lower expression of all these Ppara target genes in liver and skeletal muscle. However, in those mice, lactation did not lower the expression of genes involved in fatty acid utilization and thermogenesis in liver and skeletal muscle. Expression levels of Ppara target genes in lactating wild-type mice were similar than in lactating or nonlactating Ppara knockout mice. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that downregulation of Ppara and its coactivators in tissues with high rates of fatty acid catabolism is responsible for the reduced utilization of fatty acids in liver and skeletal muscle and the reduced thermogenesis occurring in the lactating animal, which aim to conserve energy and metabolic substrates for milk production in the mammary gland.
ommercial tobacco use among youth is a public health concern because it is addictive and lethal. Tobacco use causes 90% of lung cancers, 75% of emphysema and chronic bronchitis, and 25% of ischaemic heart disease. 1 Youth are considered a high-risk group in terms of smoking uptake. According to Statistics Canada, 14.8% of Canadian youth between 12 and 19 years of age smoked in 2003. 2 The Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Survey reported that 18% of youth aged 15-19 smoked in 2005. 3 It is estimated that one third of smokers began smoking by the time they reached age 15. 4 Additionally, according to one study, approximately 25% of youth aged 11-18, who had never smoked, were receptive to smoking (failed to state they would "definitely not" smoke). 5 Favourable support exists for the effectiveness of social marketing to reduce and prevent tobacco use among youth. 6,7 This article will report an intervention entitled, Changing Social Norms: A Mass Media Campaign for Youth Ages 12 to 18 Years. The objective of the intervention was to develop a mass media campaign within a social marketing framework to denormalize tobacco product use in youth. The intervention endeavoured to use a strengths-based approach to increase awareness of the dangers of tobacco use and empower youth to stay tobacco free. Within this article, social marketing is defined according to Andreasen's commonly used description:"The application of commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, execution and evaluation of programs designed to influence the voluntary behavior of target audiences in order to improve their personal welfare and that of their society." 8This includes using marketing principles that will persuade the target audience to reject, change, accept or discard a behaviour. 9,10 Participants and settingThe target population for this campaign included youth between the ages of 12 and 18 within the city of Calgary. The primary target of this campaign included youth who had experimented with tobacco products (1 to 100 cigarettes smoked). This group was targeted instead of the general population because campaigns tend to experience greater success when concentrating on a segmented audience, 11 and many failed campaigns may be a result of not targeting a specific population and their needs and interests. 12,13 The campaign print material was further segmented to target junior high (grades 7-9) and senior high (grades 10-12) students separately by portraying adolescents in their age group.
Background. Catheter ablation of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) is an effective tool to prevent VT recurrences. Chronic total occlusion (CTO) represents a clinically relevant entity in ICM patients and is an independent predictor of ventricular arrhythmia and mortality. The effects of CTO on the outcome of VT ablation are not well-studied. Objective. This analysis aimed to identify the impact of CTO, revascularized, or not revascularized, on the outcome of VT ablation. Methods and Results. Of 385 consecutive subjects with ICM-VT who underwent catheter VT ablation for monomorphic VT at Heart Center Leipzig between 2008 and 2017, 108 patients without CTO and 191 patients with CTO were included in the analysis. Within a median follow-up time of 557 days (IQR 149, 1095), VT recurred in 77 (40%) patients in the CTO and 40 (37.0%) in the non-CTO cohort ( p = 0.62 ). In a multivariable model, a 10% stepwise change in LVEF as well as ICD on admission was associated with VT recurrence (HRadj 1.82, 95% CI 1.04–3.18 and HRadj 1.35, 95% CI 1.23–1.61, respectively). Of the CTO cohort before ablation, 45% had received revascularization, which was independently associated with a higher risk for VT recurrence (HR 2.12, 95% CI 1.35–3.34) as compared to nonrevascularized CTO. Conclusion. In ICM patients with and without CTO, VT ablation was associated with equal effectiveness with regard to VT recurrence. However, in revascularized CTO patients, the risk of recurrence of VT after ablation was significantly increased.
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