3-D displays populated with realistic 3-D i&ms have been touted as making good "at a glance" displays. Do they promote more rapid Situation Awareness (SA) than comparable 2-D displays? If so, is it the display format (2-D vs. 3-D) or the nature of the symbols (realistic icons vs. non-realistic symbols) populating the displays that matters, or both? Three groups of 13 participants observed a 9 minute naval air defense scenario. The first group saw it depicted in 3-D with icons, the second group saw it depicted in 2-D with icons and the third group saw it in Z-D with symbols. In each condition, the scenario was stopped every 30 seconds and we assessed ability to recall the attributes of four random tracks with an online questionnaire. We measured Endlesy's (1995) level 1 SA: the perception of elements of the display. SA for the 3-D display increased fastest over the course of the scenario. However, it started from one third the level of that for the 2-D symbol display and it took 4 minutes to reach 2-D levels. The advantages the 3-D display did confer were for those attributes that were visually explicit in the 3-D icons but available only in pop-up text boxes in the 2-D conditions. Similarly, depicting heading explicitly with the 2-D icons was superior to that with the 2-D symbols. The benefits of 3-D displays may sometimes stem from indirect application of good design principles, such as making certain information visually explicit, rather than from depicting three-dimensional space, per se. It remains an open question whether 2-D displays can be designed with comparable explicit analog coding.
Two experiments were performed to investigate the effect of providing computer graphics enhancements to a colored perspective display on the observer's ability to estimate the altitude, and relative range and altitude of aircraft. The goal of this research was to determine if drop lines (altitude), horizontal-range lines and slant-range lines, with coded tic marks, aide operator's perception and memory when using 3-D perspective colored Naval tactical displays. One experiment evaluated search performance and the other tested the retention of displayed information. Three on-screen tasks were presented with each display (altitude of aircraft, relative altitude of two aircraft, and relative range between aircraft). Participants performed the task by using the coded tic marks on the lines. Both high complexity and low complexity displays were presented. Twenty participants were tested using a 2 X 3 X 2 X 3 within-subject experimental design with the perspective independent variables of coded tic marks, various lines, display complexity, and task. Accuracy and response times were the dependent variables. Results showed that black tic marks on drop lines (vertical lines) and horizontal-range lines aided both search and memory tasks. Color-coded tic marks on the drop lines with either connecting line (slant-range or horizontal-range line) confused participants. INTRODUCTIONstudies, experimentswere designedto study graphic Perception of aircraft separation on a Navy conventional enhancements that aid the operator in determining altitude, tactical display is not readily apparent. With interactive 3-D relative altitude and relative range. Since previous studies perspective displays vertical as well as horizontal informationshow that vertical drop lines on aircraft aid operators in is presented. Although the operator can estimate vertical and perspective displays, it was hypothesized that color-coded horizontal information easier with the perspective display, the and black-coded tic marks on drop lines would enhance viewer still must add information to determine the relative operator perception of the altitude of aircraft. It was also altitude and range differences between threats and hypothesized that horizontal-range or slant-range lines with interceptors. Two experiments were performed to investigate coded tic marks would aid the operator in determining the the effect of providing computer graphics enhancements to a distance between two aircraft. perspective display on the observer's ability to estimate the altitude, and relative range and altitude. The first experiment METHOD compared the speed and accuracy of participants' visual search performance; the second evaluated the participants' Subjects memory for information presented on the 3-D perspective display.Twenty Navycivilian employees (18males, 2 females) voluntarily participated in the study. Participants ranged in BACKGROUND age from 31 to 61 years, with a mean of 44 years and standard deviation of 9.44. All participants who wore
Loud speech stimuli were collected from three males and three females saying the 16 CV syllables of Miller and Nicely (1955). Headphone sidetone was mixed with 80 dBA pink noise. Talkers were instructed to speak loud enough to hear their voices over the masker. This resulted in average speech levels of 100 dBA at 1 ft. Only the loud speech was recorded. The intratalker speech levels were controlled within 2 dB. Seven subjects listened to the loud speech at a ‘‘comfortable’’ level, in quiet and mixed with multitalker babble. Subjects averaged 82% correct in quiet and 53% in babble. There were no significant performance differences for male and female talkers. Fricatives accounted for most errors with errors across all phonetic dimensions in both quiet and babble. In babble, subjects correctly identified voiceless stops 61% of the time but correctly classified stimuli as voiceless stops (place errors only) 92% of the time. Also in babble, nasals and voiced stops were confused 15% of the time; these errors never occurred in quiet.
An intensive study of the attenuation properties of numerous ear protectors and the statistical treatment of the data obtained, explains and/or documents many previously suspected or noted irregularities in measurement procedures. Detailed data on subjective measurement, directionality, linearity, and asymmetry of attenuation of ear protectors were collated. These findings will be presented along with a description of the nonparametric statistics used to ascertain central tendencies, sources and magnitudes of variability, and degrees of correlation of the data. In the study, nine ear protectors, 10 trained subjects, and two artificial heads were utilized. The USA Standards Institute's method (i.e., free-field threshold shift) was used to obtain subjective measurements. The artificial heads were employed for the acquisition of detailed information on the noise-exclusion properties of each ear protector.
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