Successful application of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing system to various crops largely depends on the correct choice of target genes that may be purposefully changed to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors. The objective of this work was systematizing and cataloguing the information on the confirmed target genes for crop improvement. The latest systematic review was presented on peer-reviewed scientific papers (indexed in the Scopus database) published before August 17, 2019. The present study covers the period from August 18, 2019 to March 15, 2022. The search according to the given algorithm revealed 2090 publications, and their analysis showed that only 685 original papers contained the results of gene editing for 28 crops (the search included 56 crops). A significant part of these publications described the application of genome editing to target genes previously identified in similar works or the studies were associated with reverse genetics, while only 136 publications contained data on editing new target genes whose modification was aimed at improving plant traits important for breeding. The total number of target genes in cultivated plants that were edited to improve properties of breeding value over the entire period of the CRISPR/Cas system application was 287. A detailed analysis of the editing of new target genes is presented in this review. The studies were most often aimed at increasing plant productivity and disease resistance as well as improving the properties of plant materials. Observations are made whether it was possible to obtain stable transformants at the time of publication and whether the editing technique was applied to non-model cultivars. For a number of crops, however, the range of modified cultivars was significantly expanded, specifically for wheat, rice, soybean, tomato, potato, rapeseed, grapevine, and maize. In a vast majority of cases, agrobacterium-mediated transformation was used to deliver the editing construct; less often it was bioballistics, protoplast transfection or haploinducers. The desired change in traits was most often achieved by gene knockout. In some cases, knockdown and nucleotide substitutions were applied. The base-editing and prime-editing approaches have increasingly been used to make nucleotide substitutions in crop genes. The emergence of a convenient CRISPR/Cas editing system helped to significantly intensify the development of molecular genetics specific to many crop species.
The article considers the main problems associated with the oily wastewater treatment. The use of vegetable raw materials for the production of oil sorbents makes it possible to obtain a cost-effective material and solve the problem of waste disposal. The task of searching for optimal methods of phytosorbents modification in order to improve their characteristics is posed. The authors give the description and present the results of the experiment on the modification of sorbents using microwave radiation and solutions of citric and acetic acids. There were determined the main sorption parameters for native and modified samples: oil capacity, sorption capacity under static and dynamic conditions. The conclusion about the practical application of the investigated phytosorbents in wastewater treatment technologies from dissolved oil products was made.
Using a wide range of modern biotechnologies and genetic techniques to study plant germplasm accessions held by VIR makes it possible to procure valuable results, required for the development of new high-yielding cultivars adapted to adverse environmental conditions and possessing specified technological properties, particularly to identify and mark new genes and alleles useful for plant breeding. This research trend is in line with Presidential Decree No. 680 “Concerning the development of genetic technologies in the Russian Federation”. Soybean is among the key crops in agricultural production, but the use of next-generation breeding tools to obtain new soybean cultivars with desired properties is still limited. Successful application of novel methods also requires new approaches to studying soybean accessions, specifically their ability to regenerate and produce calluses for subsequent inclusion in biotechnological programs.Ten soybean accessions of various origin, contrasting in ripening schedules, were selected to study the possibility of effective introduction into in vitro culture and further assessment of their ability to produce calluses and regenerate in in vitro culture. The work included evaluating the effects of different seed sterilization techniques (one-step sterilization, using a commercial bleach, and two-step one, combining the impacts of a chlorine-containing preparation and hydrogen peroxide), types of explants (epicotyls, hypocotyls, cotyledon nodes, and cotyledon leaf segments), and phytohormone composition of nutrient medium: (1) MS + 1.13 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L HA, and (2) MS +1 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L IAA).The assessment results showed that the option of two-step seed sterilization was the most effective for soybean at the stage of in vitro culture initiation, while hypocotyls, epicotyls, and cotyledon nodes had the highest callus formation ability in both types of nutrient media.
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