Water limitation is a well-known problem for wheat plants. Lack of water affects their biomass and yield. This is the most conspicuous in case of crops causing severe uncertainty of agricultural productivity. Progress in breeding to improve drought tolerance has been limited by its high sensitivity to environmental factors, low heritability, and the complexity and size of wheat genome. In this study eight genotypes of bread wheat were used for screening them under three water regimes; control 100% Field Capacity (FC), 75% FC and 50% FC. Five drought resistance indices including Mean Productivity (MP), Tolerance Index (TOL), Drought Susceptibility index (DSI), Geometric Mean Productivity (MP) and Yield Stability Index (YSI) were calculated for each genotype based on grain yield under stress (50% FC) and normal (100% FC) conditions. Physiological parameters, chlorophyll content (SPAD values), proline accumulation and expression levels of drought related genes were analyzed in wheat plants at heading stage, comparing eight genotypes with different drought tolerance capacity. The imposed drought stress induced a decreasing of plant growth and chlorophyll content, a strong increase in proline and expression of drought related genes. The correlation coefficients showed that YSI, MP, DSI and GMP had the most desirable selection criteria for high yielding and drought tolerant genotypes. The development of molecular markers for physiological traits has made significant headway in recent years with the advancement of new technologies. Consequently, in our study the use of molecular markers; RAPD technique with 9 primers was detected 91 polymorphism alleles for the genotypes with 79.12% polymorphism. The most Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) value and polymorphism percentage was detected by OPA-07primer that showed the high score from bands 13 with polymorphism 69.23%. While, OPO-19 revealed low level from bands was 6 with percentage 83.33%. Also, OPA-02, OPA-04 and OPO-13 revealed 9 fragments with 77.78% polymorphism. While, primers OPB-07, OPB-10 and OPO-14 showed 11 bands with 81.82% polymorphism. The last primer revealed 12 bands with 75% polymorphism. Therefore, these recently developed techniques could be enable faster identification and characterization of drought-related gene(s).
The association of Infrared thermal imaging and specific target traits for drought tolerance (presence of awns, Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI), Relative Water Content (RWC), leaf area) with yield performance under three water regimes was analyzed utilizing wheat genotypes in two seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). In this study eight genotypes of bread wheat were used for screening them under three water regimes; control 100% Field Capacity (FC), 75% FC and 50% FC. The presence of awns had a significant effect on yield loss under drought amongst wheat genotypes. Moreover, an infrared crop water stress index was calculated in the main water requirement stage. RWC was determined to give indication on the plant water status during the experiment. RWC ranged from 47.2% to 76.5% for water stress (50% FC). NDVI ranged from 0.31 (Maser 2) to 0.49 (H2) under water stress 50% FC. This result indicated that hybrid (H2) had the greatest green biomass and could be considered as a drought tolerant genotype. Temperatures of canopies can be used as indicators of stomatal closure in response to soil water deficit. It was found that thermal imaging can distinguish between stressed and non-stressed canopies, and even between deficit water treatments. Leaf temperature (T leaf) varied between water stress treatments and among the wheat genotypes within the same water treatment. Where, T leaf was ranged from 21.9 to 25.3°C for 50% FC treatment. Similar observations were noticed for the other water treatments. Indicating that the other physiological mechanism could be influenced on the behavior of genotypes due to water stress and subsequently leaf temperature was affected. Variation of the distribution of temperatures within canopies was found to be a reliable indicator of water stress. It could be concluded that combining thermal camera technology with physiological traits was sufficiently to predict wheat production under water stress.
Nodulation potential, nitrogen fixation efficiency (nitrogenase activity) and biomass yield in response of Leucaena leucocephala and Sesbania sesban to inoculation with auxotrophic mutants of fast growing Rhizobium strains was explored in short-term field trials. All the strains formed nodules and fixed nitrogen in both hosts with some relative differences. The diversity of rhizobia that form symbioses with the roots of both hosts, an economically important leguminous tree species, was examined by inoculating seedling root zones with samples of auxotrophic mutants of rhizobia derived from both mutagens, acridine and ascorbic acid. Nitrogen fixation, total nitrogen accumulation, and plant growth varied significantly among both hosts seedlings inoculated with the representative isolates. All auxotrophic mutants derived from the parental strain FFAMU-8, stimulated chlorophyll (a) formation in Sesbania sesban, relative to the negative control. Although, three of auxotrophic mutants, asc 2-FFAMU-8, asc 3-FFAMU-8 and asc 4-FFAMU-8 affected to significantly increase chlorophyll (b) formation than their negative and positive control plants. Both auxotrophic mutants, asc 3-FFAMU-8 and asc 3-ARCG-10 affected to significantly greater below ground biomass components in Leucaena leucocephala than their in the positive control plants. In addition, some of auxotrophic mutants derived from the strain FIRT-27 affect to significantly increase woody, aerial and root biomass over the positive control of Sesbania sesban. Some of auxotrophic mutants appeared reliable ranking for nodule development/plant biomass among both hosts. Many of significant correlations were obtained among both tree legumes between nodulation, nitrogen fixation parameters with plant growth criterion. The results support the use of efficient rhizobial strains to inoculate woody legumes for improving plant survival and biomass development.
In the light of the rapid developments and changes in different directions, educational institutions at all levels need leaderships which are able to achieve the objectives of these institutions in the appropriate manner, so that they can adapt to these changes to ensure continuity and success in achieving the objectives of these institutions. This can be achieved only with the satisfaction of the employees work for these institutions. This satisfaction is going to be reflected the feelings of happiness resulting from the perception of the individual to the direction of the job. Which gives the job an important value is the desire of the individual to work with dedication and sincerity and a rush to accomplish the tasks entrusted to him. This research focused on the study of administrative leadership in terms of its concept, importance and characteristics, and what is the impact of its practices on the faculty of education and employment at the university. So as the ability of administrative leadership in creating a state of job satisfaction among the workers, in order to reach the achievement of dedication and sincerity and the perfection of performance which aims to achieve the scientific and educational goals of the University. The French University of Picardy Jules Verne was chosen as a model for study.
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