Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a major disease affecting rice production grown in upland and wetland rice. Application of beneficial bacteria as seedling root dip and spraying method to protect against the disease may be an alternative strategy to chemical control. This research was aimed to explore the bacterial consortium that may control blast disease on rice plants. In this study, the following bacterial cultures and their consortiums were used: Bacillus firmus E65, Serratia marcescens E31, Pseudomonas aeruginosa C32b, Bacillus cereus II.14, and its combination for their suppression ability against P. oryzae under in-vitro conditions. The results showed that A2 (Bacillus firmus E65) and A6 consortium (Bacillus firmus E65, Bacillus cereus II.14, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa C32b) significantly reduced the mycelial growth of P. oryzae with the percentage inhibition of 73-85% and 66-83%, respectively. Further greenhouse testing conducted with use of formulative preparation of the two selected best treatments using talc, bentonite, palm oil, and suspensionbased carriers showed that spraying with suspension formulation had good effect in suppressing blast disease compared with that of other carriers evaluated.
Abstract.Marine litter or marine debris is a man-made solid material discarded, abandoned or lost in coastline or into the sea. To reduce the amount of marine litter in the ocean, raising public awareness is an important way. One of the contributing factors on marine litter is the lack of understanding within the community, but to identify how people notice the problem is required adequate research literature. The purpose of this study is to examine the awareness of West Aceh community on marine litter along western coastal area. The research objectives; 1) to evaluate societal perception towards marine litter; 2) to examine the urgent indicator of public awareness in West Aceh City. This study will employ a survey approach by distributing questionnaires to 383 respondents. It was found that respondents show low awareness on marine litter according to statistical data, but there are some rooms to manage in order to raise the level of public awareness. It concludes that sense of responsibility could be enhanced by involving public in any activities for preventing and eradicating marine litter. Education aspect is also important to increase public understanding about the threats of marine debris on environment, human health and economic income.
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