Scientific Investigations Report 2015-5105Cover figures. Total thickness of coarse-grained sediment within the glacial deposits of the United States (left), and map created during this study showing the total thickness of coarse-grained sediment within the glacial deposits in Illinois (right). For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit Maps and Grids of Hydrogeologic

shared data and technical observations about the hydrology of the watershed near Ogden Dunes. David Bucaro and Joseph Schulenberg of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provided useful resources and feedback for further development of interim model products. Erica Barrow assisted with data collection. The following current and former USGS personnel also helped with this project: Lee Watson (retired; well installation and data collection), David A. Cohen (retired; well and surface-water site installation, data collection, initial model construction and technical advice), Leslie D. Arihood (retired; initial model construction and technical advice), Cheryl Silcox (data collection), and Joseph Sullivan (USGS student employee). The authors would like to thank the following USGS personnel for their review of this report: Jack Eggleston (technical review; USGS Virginia Water Science Center), Martha Nielsen (technical review; USGS Maine Water Science Center), and Mike Eberle (editorial review; USGS Ohio Water Science Center).

For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation:Reeves, H.W., Bayless, E.R., Dudley, R.W., Feinstein, D.T., Fienen, M.N., Hoard, C.J., Hodgkins, G.A., Qi, S.L., Roth, J.L., and Trost, J.J., 2017, Generalized hydrogeologic framework and groundwater budget for a groundwater availability study for the glacial aquifer system of the United States: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2017-5015, 49 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20175015. AbstractThe glacial aquifer system groundwater availability study seeks to quantify (1) the status of groundwater resources in the glacial aquifer system, (2) how these resources have changed over time, and (3) likely system response to future changes in anthropogenic and environmental conditions. The glacial aquifer system extends from Maine to Alaska, although the focus of this report is the part of the system in the conterminous United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The glacial sand and gravel principal aquifer is the largest source of public and self-supplied industrial supply for any principal aquifer and also is an important source for irrigation supply. Despite its importance for water supply, water levels in the glacial aquifer system are generally stable varying with climate and only locally from pumping. The hydrogeologic framework developed for this study includes the information from waterwell records and classification of material types from surficial geologic maps into likely aquifers dominated by sand and gravel deposits. Generalized groundwater budgets across the study area highlight the variation in recharge and discharge primarily driven by climate.

This column reviews the general features of PHT3D Version 2, a reactive multicomponent transport model that couples the geochemical modeling software PHREEQC-2 (Parkhurst and Appelo 1999) with three-dimensional groundwater flow and transport simulators MODFLOW-2000 and MT3DMS (Zheng and Wang 1999). The original version of PHT3D was developed by Henning Prommer and Version 2 by Henning Prommer and Vincent Post (Prommer and Post 2010). More detailed information about PHT3D is available at the website http://www.pht3d.org.The review was conducted separately by two reviewers. This column is presented in two parts.

For more information on the USGS-the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment-visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1-888-ASK-USGS.For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov.Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.Suggested citation: Bayless, E.R., Cole, T.R., Lampe, D.C., Travis, R.E., Schulz, M.S, and Buszka, P.M., 2018, Geochemistry and microbiology of groundwater and solids from extraction and monitoring wells and their relation to well efficiency at a Federally operated confined disposal facility, East Chicago, Indiana: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2018-5073, 134 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/sir20185073. ISSN 2328-0328 (online) iii AcknowledgmentsThe authors and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) gratefully recognize the contributions of many persons to this study. Ben O'Neil and Le Thai of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provided background information and well construction diagrams for the confined disposal facility (CDF) gradient control system, project supervision, and reviews of this report. Scott Peterson of O'Brien & Gere provided groundwater levels, information describing pump failures, and assisted with accessing wells at the site.Patrick C. Mills, USGS, assisted with sample collection. Sara Peek, USGS, analyzed solids from CDF wells for carbon and sulfur isotopes. Kate Campbell, USGS, provided semi-quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis of solids collected from CDF wells. John Fitzpatrick, USGS, provided inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analyses of chemically digested solids from CDF wells. James Landmeyer, USGS, provided a chromatograph to determine the presence of hydrocarbons in a scraping taken from a pump at the CDF. Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum. x Supplemental InformationSpecific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C).Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and micrograms per liter (µg/ L). Chemical concentrations and water temperature are given in metric units.A milligram per liter is a unit expressing the concentration of chemical constituents in solution as weight (milligrams) of solute per unit volume (liter) of water. For water with dissolved-solids concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical value for milligrams per liter is the same as for concentrations in parts per million.A concentration of 1,000 µg/L is equivalent to 1 mg/L. For water with dissolved-solids concentrations less than 7,000 mg/L, the numerical value for micrograms pe...