Systems of two immiscible liquids are proposed for a new type of membraneless fuel cells using renewable fuel, in which the stationary phase boundary carries out a role of membrane. These systems consist of water, alcohol (preferable ethanol) and a number of electrolytes (salts and bases) leading to the layering of aqueous alcohol. In such systems top phase has significant alcohol content and insignificant electrolyte content, bottom phase has significant electrolyte content and insignificant alcohol content. To study the layering conditions in these systems, binodal curves were plotted for three two-phase liquid systems (EtOH + K2CO3 + H2O; EtOH + K3PO4 + H2O, EtOH + KOH + H2O), using the cloud point method. Comparison of our experimental data with the results of other authors showed that they are consistent for the first and second systems, and the temperature dependence of the binodal curves is clearly visible for the third system. The specific system EtOH -30 % m/m; KOH -40 % m/m; H2O -30 % m/m was taken as the basis for studies of fuel cells based on two immiscible liquids. A further area of research lies in the field of optimizing the composition of both phases, studying the processes of mass transfer in these systems and their physicochemical characteristics.
The issues of waste disposal are currently having a global technological and economic complexity. The severity of the environmental problem is specified by the accumulation of large volumes of various wastes, including sewage sludge (SS). Modern technologies can provide its disposal with environmental and economic benefits. SS is a rich source of nutrients with a high fertilization potential. This work aims to study the utilization of wastewater sludge in recycling technology for agriculture. The composition of urban sewage sludge and its impact on the properties of gray forest soil were studied. It was shown that its application in a dose of 40-60 t/ha promoted an increase in the content of humus, mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the soil and a decrease in acidity. The noted increase in the content of the studied heavy metals upon the introduction of various doses of sludge did not exceed the approximate permissible concentration (APC) in the soil. The results showed that the use of SS as a fertilizer restores the balance of organic matter in soils and improves their agroecological properties. This technology, as a safe way of recycling waste into a valuable complex fertilizer, contributes to resource conservation.
A widespread method for utilizing rubber-containing waste is incineration, which leads to an increase in the volume of pollutants in the environment. A method is proposed for processing waste into ecologically safe waterproof materials.Extensive use of rubber-containing objects leads to the accumulation of signifi cant amounts of synthetic rubber waste. An increase in the amount of synthetic rubber waste amenable to utilization (SRWU), sent to centers for temporary accumulation or storage, and cases of their unauthorized burning or placement on the surface of soil point to poor development in the sphere of SRWU processing. Forms, types, and shapes of synthetic rubber vary: industrial and domestic rubber objects that have lost useful properties; used tires with fabric or metal cords, etc.The most widespread and technologically simple method of utilizing and dumping SRWU is burning with the aim of obtaining energy. Synthetic rubber waste is a fi re hazard, and contaminating substance discharges have an unfavorable effect on ecological systems.In addition, synthetic rubber waste is a source of hydrocarbon raw material, textile material, and alloy steel scrap (in the form of artifi cial and natural fi bers). The main components of rubber-containing materials and objects [3] are rubber mixtures, commercial grade carbon, silicic acid, oils and resins, sulfur, vulcanizing activators, and ecological fi llers.There are numerous methods for breaking down SRWU [4]. Comminution is energy consuming and complicated both with respect to determining the nature, amount, and direction of loads, and also diffi culties in qualitative and quantitative estimation of the comminution results.The authors suggest a production process for utilizing rubber-containing waste and manufacture of waterproof materials from it. The main production operations of the process are: 1) synthetic rubber waste preparation for utilization; 2) loading one or several forms (types) of SRWU into a bunker; 3) SRWU mechanical comminution with preparation of rubber crumb and associated components [5]; 4) laying SRWU rubber crumb into molds; 5) pressing rubber crumb with established parameters (temperature and pressure); and 6) cutting and packing waterproof material obtained. A line for SRWU processing (Fig. 1) and waterproof material preparation (productivity 10 tons/day) should be located within a heated building with an air temperature of 15-20ºC, and atmospheric pressure 745 mmHg.
Полянскова Екатерина Александровна, кандидат биологических наук, доцент кафедры «Биотехнологии и техносферная безопасность» Пензенский государственный технологический университет (440039, Россия, г. Пенза, проезд Байдукова/ул. Гагарина, д.
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