Previous studies examining methods of monitoring the training and match load in soccer players have simply compared those methods to each other, not to changes in fitness. Training and match load measures from nine professional youth soccer players were collected for a period of six weeks. A lactate threshold test was conducted before and after this period. Mean weekly training and match load as determined by session-RPE, Banister's TRIMP, Team TRIMP and individualised TRIMP (iTRIMP) were correlated with each other, percentage changes in the velocity at 2 mmol · L(-1) (vLT) and 4 mmol · L(-1) (vOBLA) blood lactate concentration, and heart rate at 2 mmol · L(-1) (LT(HR)) and 4 mmol · L(-1) (OBLA(HR)). There were no significant changes in fitness across the six weeks: vLT (p = 0.54), vOBLA (p = 0.16), LT(HR) (p = 0.51) and OBLA(HR) (p = 0.63). Banister's TRIMP was significantly correlated with session-RPE (r = 0.75; p = 0.02) and Team TRIMP (r = 0.92; p < 0.001). The percentage change in vLT was significantly correlated to mean weekly iTRIMP (r = 0.67; p = 0.04). The results suggest that an individualised measure of internal load (iTRIMP) related better than other methods to changes in vLT in professional youth soccer players.
The effects of hexose sugars on GE appear related to their molecular structure rather than osmolality per se, and are, at least in part, CCK(1) receptor-dependent.
IntroductionCholecystokinin (CCK), a gut peptide released postprandially from the small intestine, has been shown to reduce food intake and slow gastric emptying (GE) in man. Resistance to gut peptides involved in energy homeostasis such as leptin has also been demonstrated in obese individuals. Similarly, a reduction in sensitivity to CCK may lead to increased food intake and ultimately affect body weight. It is not known if the effects of CCK are consistent between obese and lean individuals. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the CCK1 receptor antagonist, dexloxiglumide, on GE of a nutrient releasing meal, in lean and obese subjects.MethodsTen obese (BMI; 47 kg/m2 ±7) and 10 non-obese (BMI; 22 kg/m2 ±2) participants ingested the CCK1 receptor antagonist, dexloxiglumide, or placebo. An hour later, 500 ml of skimmed milk containing 13C-acetate was consumed. A 13C-acetate breath test was used as a proxy measure for the rate of GE.ResultsGE of skimmed milk was slower in obese subjects when compared to lean subjects in both placebo (p=0.013) and dexloxiglumide conditions (p=0.017). When compared to placebo, dexloxiglumide accelerated GE of skimmed milk in both lean (p=0.034) and obese subjects (p=0.022), however, the percentage increase in GE rate with dexloxiglumide vs placebo was greater in obese compared to the lean subjects (p=0.017). There was a direct relationship between the rate of GE and BMI in both placebo (p=0.00), and dexloxiglumide conditions (p=0.04).ConclusionThese results demonstrate that the response to dexloxiglumide does not appear to be reduced, but rather increased in obese subjects, suggesting that sensitivity to CCK is not impaired in obesity. These results also suggest an overall slower rate of GE in obese compared to lean subjects, which could be a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of obesity.
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