The soil covering of Transcarpathia, which is used for cultivation of crops, is rather heterogeneous as to genetic features of soils. This is mostly caused by the climatic conditions of corresponding natural zones. Brown mountain soils, soddy brown soils, meadow brown soils and mountain meadow soils have originated in mountainous areas on mountain ranges and slopes of different altitude, which are different in terms of mechanical makeup and are well drained. They are characterized by high content of inaccessible humus (in which fulvic acids predominate), acid reaction of soil solution and evident diversity in provision of mobile forms of nourishing chemicals. On the average, the reaction of soil solution is 4,60 pH of a salt solution, in the case of hydrolytic acidity – 4, 28 me/100g of soil, which characterizes them as semi-acidic. The aim of our thesis is to research the level of manganese, which is one of essential and toxic elements for plants, depending on its concentration in soil, in soddy brown soils of the mountainous zone of Thranscarpathia, and also its distribution in profile of soil horizons. To carry out this aim, samples of soil were chosen by random selection. Total manganese in the soil was determined by the method of mass spectrometery. The samples were extracted by hydrogen peroxide, chlorohydric and azotic acids (ext. p.). Dissolution of the samples was carried out using microwave sample preparation system. Active forms of manganese were extracted by generally accepted extragents: water-soluble extragent – deionized water; free forms of manganese – ammonium acetate buffer solution рН 4.8 according to M. K. Krupskyi and H. М. Alexandrova. Afterwards, the samples of soil were analysed using the method of mass spectrometery. According to the results of the research, the max. total of the manganese is observed in the mineral upper humus-accumulative horizon, but if you make a transition to the parent rock, it decreases. According to the quantitative research on determining free forms of manganese, it can be observed that soddy brown soils of the researched region are provided with the mobile forms of manganese both in the upper humus horizon and in lower transitional humus horizon. Moreover, the humus horizon of the observed region has a high content of mobile forms of manganese, which constitutes >20,1, and in the transitional horizon to the parent rock the provision index is high. A considerable increase in the water-soluble manganese in the upper humus horizon was also observed. Its concentration is considerably decreased with a transition to the lower humus horizon. The research data confirms that soddy brown soils of the observed region are contaminated with manganese compounds.
The research has been aimed at definition of bioavailable forms of selected trace elements (Mn, Cu, Zn, Co) in agricultural soils.The analyzed soils were generally characterized by acid or very acid pH. Manganese impact on plant growth and a content of the elements in grain have been studied during pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with solutions of manganese sulphate. The field research was undertaken during 2012-2014. Experimental scheme consisted of the following variants: 1–5 – pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds Artemida by solutions of MnSO4 • 5H2O with corresponding percentage of concentrations: 1.0; 0.5; 0.1; 0.01; 0,001. Processing has been performed a day before sowing. Variant 6 – control, without processing. The soil was sod-brown, hydrolytic acidity – 3,47, exchange acidity – 4,82. Germination of the seeds has been preliminary determined in laboratory conditions. The growth rate, increase of dry weight, has been determined in the tillering stage (3–1 leaves). ICP spectrometry method has been applied to study the elemental compositions of the grain and soil using emission spectrometer ISP-MS Agilent 7700x. Soil samples extracted with ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.8 in soil-solution correlation 1:5. Samples of the grain have been chosen selectively from the plots of each variant in the stage of full grain maturity. The average sample from each repetition has been prepared for the analysis. The samples were milled and ashed in nitric acid using microwave system of sample preparation – Milestone Start D. Fluka Multielement standard solution 5 for ICP has been used for calibration standards. Biological absorption coefficients (Cba) have been identified for establishing of quantitative parameters of transition of micronutrients from the soil into the wheat plants. Cb.a. have been determined by the correlation between the concentration of the element in wheat and its concentration in soil. Comparison has been conducted between two samples: Cba in the variant of optimal 0,01 % concentration of manganese sulphate in pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds and Cb.a in control variant where the natural influence – high availability of mobile forms of microelements in soil under research - has been taken into consideration. The research on determination of bioavailable forms of trace elements in the sod-brown soils has demonstrated very high provision of mobile forms of manganese and copper as well as high provision of zinc and cobalt. It has been explained by the genesis of these soils since soil forming rocks of volcanic origin are saturated with polymetals and mobility and bioavailability depend on the acid reaction of soil solution. Based on manganese research results there was defined a clear dependence of the plant growth on the concentration of manganese sulphate in pre-sowing treatment of wheat seeds. The usage of 0, 01–0,001 % manganese sulphate solutions is optimal for winter wheat growth. Treatment with these concentrations stimulates the growth of the plants in comparison to the control variant. Higher concentrations, 0,1–1,0 %, can result with deceleration of growth processes. It has been found out that the content of manganese in wheat depends on the concentration of the element used in pre-sowing treatment of seeds. The general conformity to natural laws of this dependence is due to the fact that as the concentration of manganese in pre-sowing treatment of seeds has decreased, its concentration in seeds has increased, but it has been less than in seeds of the control variant. We should mention that the concentration of manganese in wheat seeds of the control variant has a little exceeded the maximum allowable concentration. There was assumed that in the case of pre-sowing treatment of the seeds with solutions of manganese sulphate of 0,01 and 0,001 % concentrations the manganese can act as a microelement without negative influence on formation of harvest and the content of valuable manganese microelement in grain. During the pre-sowing treatment of the seeds the manganese reveals its antagonism in respect to accumulation of copper and not affecting the content of zinc and cobalt in the grain. Manganese, zinc, and copper can be accumulated in the grain of winter wheat, Cba> 1.The reason is high need of crops, including winter wheat, in these microelements.
Specificneed in manganese is a characteristic feature of all plants. At present time, participation of this element in functioning in a number of processes and structures in the plant organism is proved. Indispensabilityof manganese as a component of plant metabolism is evidenced by death of plants aged 2–4 weeks at absolute exclusion of manganese nutrient medium, and symptoms of disorders at all levels of metabolism due to lack of this element. As opposed to symptoms of deficiency which are specific for every element, the signs of excess are more or less the same. In conditions of gradual increase of the concentration of ions as factors of influence, gradual manifestation of plant organism depression is observed: growth inhibition, root dying and leaf chlorosis, etc. Foliar feeding of grain crops including winter wheat with manganese is very important because they have a great need for such elements as manganese and copper. Efficiencyof the types of foliar feeding is connected with the mechanisms of penetration of manganese into the plant cells. Unlike other metals, manganese can be mobilized by sprouts from seed integument: metal absorption from wheat seeds lasts till the seventh day. That’s why, the aim of our work was to investigate the influence of pre-sowing processing of winter wheat seeds with solutions of different concentrations of manganese sulfate for detection of the optimal concentration and studying of phytotoxic influence of the excess manganese action. Vegetation tests were carried out in the laboratory conditions for performing the studies. Winter wheat seeds were steeped into solutions of manganese sulfate in such concentrations as 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.5% and 1%. After that they were couched in multi-component environment (sod-podzol soil). As a control variant, an experiment without treatment was used. The influence of different concentrations on the growth processes such as seed germination, length of the sprout, weight of the plants and their root system was estimated. It was determined that the optimal concentration of manganese sulfate for the pre-sowing processing was equal to 0.001–0.01%. The critical one, at which the phytotoxic action is manifested in growth depression and decrease of sprout biomass, is the use of 0.5–1.0% solution of manganese sulfate for the pre-sowing seed treatment.
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