Translated from Steklo i Keramika, No. 2, pp. 7 -9, February, 2005. The capillary force and crystallization strength of glass batch components are studied moistening the batch with solvents of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate, and other components. The obtained data can be used for solving problems related to moistening glass batches.Water drops in moistening a glass batch form liquid bridges linking the solid particles. The introduced water may partially dissolve crystals of soda and sodium sulfate, which affect the interaction of the components. We have earlier [1] published the first results of the analysis of the capillarycrystallization interaction of particles through interlayers of single-component aqueous solutions.The present study considers the behavior of two solid particles linked by a capillary interlayer of two-and threecomponent solutions of sodium carbonate, sulfate, and hydroxide. We also studied the attraction of particles to distilled water cups. It was found that the main specifics of fixing particles with liquid bridges of aqueous solutions described earlier [1] remain; however, new regularities of the capillarycrystallization interaction of particles are revealed as well.To study the adhesion forces we used a model of the spherical particle -liquid interlayer -flat substrate capillary contact. The strength of adhesion was measured in periodical removal of particles. Unlike the previous study [1], we modified the procedure of depositing a solution drop on a glass sphere. In this experiment the glass ball was immersed in an aqueous solution, whereas previously the drop was deposited on the ball with a glass rod. We additionally investigated sodium hydroxide solution and expanded the component concentration ranges.Capillary-crystallization interaction through interlayers of two-component solutions of salts Na 2 CO 3 -Na 2 SO 4 , NaOH -Na 2 SO 4 , NaOH -Na 2 CO 3 and in the Na 2 CO 3 -Na 2 SO 4 -NaOH system was investigated for concentrations of 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 M. The compounds in the solutions were taken in equal ratio. One-component Na 2 CO 3 and Na 2 SO 4 solutions had been investigated earlier [1] and the specifics of interaction through caustic soda interlayers are shown in Fig. 1.Sodium hydroxide solution can be used instead of water to moisten a glass batch. For concentrations of 0.25 and 0.50 M the regularities of the variation in the strength of contact through a sodium hydroxide interlayer are the same as for soda solution. Thus, with a concentration of 0.25 M the capillary force disappears in 6 min. On some curves after the end of the experiment the final force values are below the initial ones, apparently due to the transition to certain capillary microinterlayers. The capillary segment of the curve corresponds to strength varying from 0.75 to 1.20 mN. The regularity of capillary strength growing with decreasing volume of the water cup is observed. Sodium hydroxide has enhanced viscosity. This is presumably responsible for the fact that when the concentration grows to 1.0 M, ...
The paper presents the results of investigation concerning using a high-temperature pigment based on synthetic tri-manganese tetra-oxide (Mn3O4) in the production of volume-colored bricks using red-burning clay. It is established that the introduction of a pigment in the amount of 2–4% results in a rich dark brown brick. At the same time, the intensity of the color increases with an increase in the pigment concentration from 2 to 4% and a brick firing temperature from 800 to 950°C. It has been established that with the introduction of pigment the strength of the obtained brick samples decreases, as well as the frost resistance.
A second-order regression polynomial model is offered, taking into account a pair components interaction for TCLE calculation of low-melting glasses in system MgSO4-KPO3-Na2B4O7. The analysis of the obtained model is carried out. The results adequacy, obtained by modeling in comparison with the experimental data, is shown. It is established that the square pair interaction of the MgSO4-KPO3 and MgSO4-Na2B4O7 components, when modeling this system, can be neglected.
The forces of surface interaction between glass batch components are considered. A comparison between capillary and gravitational forces for particles of different sizes at different stages of glass batch preparation is carried out. The dependences of capillary force on the volume of liquid and the distance between particles are discussed.The adhesion-capillary attractive force of glass batch grains fix the grain distribution after mixing and thus improve the homogeneity of the glass melt. When the batch is moistened, capillary water menisci fix chalk, lime, sulfate, and other component particles next to quartz sand grains. After the evaporation of drop water with increasing temperature there is capillary interaction of menisci consisting of salt and oxide eutectic melts. The particle conglomeration processes in glass batches have been considered in [1 -4].Theoretical and experimental analysis of the interaction between ideally smooth dry solid bodies (Fig. 1a ) shows [5] that the force of their molecular attraction in direct contact is equal to 2spR and 4spR for sphere -sphere and plane -sphere contacts, respectively (R is the radius of a spheroid particle; s is the surface tension of the material of the solid particles). However, as the solid bodies are brought apart, their molecular attraction force sharply decreases and at a distance of 0.3 -0.4 mm is equal to zero. Considering that solid particles due to their rough unpolished surfaces contact at the sites of microbulges of size 1 mm or more, dry batch grains in fact are not attracted to each other.Attractive forces of solid bodies that are close to the above specified values are observed in capillary adhesion, both in a zero clearance (Fig. 1b ) and at a distance up to 0.1 mm and more (Fig. 1c). The capillary strength of adhesion of particles via concave liquid menisci (Fig. 1b and c) depends mainly on the Laplace pressure differential. A mobile liquid-air interface deflects toward the phase whose pressure is lower.In the general case the capillary interaction force f cap generated by drop liquid is made up by the Laplace pressure DP transmitted by the liquid via the section of the area w = pa 2 (a is the radius of the wetting perimeter of a spheroid particle) and the force of the surface tension of liquid applied to the perimeter L = 2pa:where k is the mean curvature of the meniscus; r 1 and r 2 are the main curvature radii; s is the projection of the surface tension vector applied to the three-phase boundary on the axis connecting the solid particles; f V cap and f cap w are the volumetric and surface components of the capillary force.
The possibility of using clay from Bochkarikhinskoe deposit (Sverdlovskaya oblast, Russia) in the ceramic building production has been considered. The chemical, mineral and granulometric composition of clay was determined. The basic technological properties of clay were studied: plasticity, sensitivity to drying, sintering. The frost resistance and mechanical properties of ceramic brick samples were determined. The clay studied with introduction of organic additives also may be used in ceramic production.
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