The basic technique for preparing micro-thin rock-sections has altered little since this method of studying rocks was first accepted. Abrasive powders were, and still are, used either on glass or metal plates, the grinding being done entirely by hand. At the present time carborundum is almost universally used as the abrasive. The technique has been speeded up somewhat by the use of horizontal metal laps, and in more recent years the introduction of high-speed diamond-cutting and lapping apparatus has considerably reduced the time involved in making a thin rock-section. But even with this apparatus the process is still long and laborious, and, even more important, the operator must have considerable skill and experience in keeping the specimen whole and of uniform thickness throughout the entire operation.
AimTo critically evaluate the concepts of harm and re‐traumatization in the research process and to explore the ethical implications of conducting research on distressing topics using our research on the experiences of nurses working during the COVID‐19 pandemic as an exemplar.DesignLongitudinal qualitative interview study.MethodsUsing qualitative narrative interviews, we explored the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on nurses' psychological well‐being in the UK.ResultsTo reduce the potential for harm to both research participants and researchers, the members of the research team were keen to establish ways to reduce the power differential between the researcher and participants. We found that our collaborative and team‐based approach, with participant autonomy and researcher reflexivity embedded into the research framework, enabled the sensitive generation of data.ConclusionReduction of potential harm for both participants and researchers in the generation of at times highly distressing data with a traumatized population was achieved through a respectful, honest and empathetic approach within a team that met frequently for reflection.ImpactThe research participants were not harmed by our research, instead they expressed gratitude at being given space and time to tell their stories in a supportive environment. Our work advances nursing knowledge through accentuating the value of giving autonomy to research participants to control their stories whilst working within a supportive research team with emphasis placed on reflexivity and debriefing.Patient and Public ContributionNurses working clinically during COVID‐19 were involved in the development of this study. Nurse participants were given autonomy over how and when they participated in the research process.
Previous research finds that 20 Hz temporal frequency (TF) adaptation causes a compression of perceived visual event duration. We investigate if this temporal compression affects further time-dependent percepts, implying a further functional role for duration perception mechanisms. We measure the effect of 20 Hz flicker adaptation on Flash-Lag, an illusion whereby an observer perceives a moving object displaced further along its trajectory compared to a spatially localized briefly flashed object. The illusion scales with object speed; therefore, it has a fixed temporal component. By comparing adaptation at 5 Hz and 20 Hz we show that 20 Hz TF adaptation reduces perceived Flash-Lag magnitude significantly, with no effect at 5 Hz, whereas the opposite pattern of adaptation was seen on perceived speed. There is a significant effect of 20 Hz adaptation on the perceived duration of a moving bar. This suggests that 20 Hz TF adaptation has compressed the fixed temporal component of the Flash-Lag illusion, implying the mechanism underlying duration perception also has effects on judging spatial relationships in dynamic stimuli.
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