Environmental flow describes the stream flow (quantity and regime) required to sustain upstream and downstream habitats, riparian vegetation, human livelihoods and wildlife. When natural rivers or tributaries are held back by weirs, anicuts, barrages or dams, for a variety of purposes such as diversion for irrigation, hydropower generation or flood control often the downstream flow requirement is ignored or neglected. Although there is no universally accepted definition, convention or law on environmental flow, it has been now recognized that environmental flow is essential for sustainability of riparian ecosystem and their services, which are essential for our own existence, livelihoods and many more. This paper looks at physical structures constructed across rivers and tributaries in Sri Lanka since ancient times to date (including mini-hydro power stations) with a view to understand whether simple ancient wisdoms are more appropriate than modern structures for nature conservation. There are tangible evidence to defend that the ancient anicuts known as "amuna" surged sufficient water in tributaries and rivers, to sustain the environment than modern engineering works which has created dead river beds immediately downstream in many streams and rivers.
Si im mp pó ós si io o d de e G Ge eo oe es st ta at tí ís st ti ic ca a A Ap pl li ic ca ad da a e em m C Ci iê ên nc ci ia as s A Ag gr rá ár ri ia as s1 14 4 e e 1 15 5 d de e M Ma ai io o d de e 2 20 01 15Resumo A variabilidade dos atributos químicos do solo influenciam principalmente na disponibilidade de nutrientes e no condicionamento para o crescimento ideal das plantas, sendo assim é de grande importância compreender a distribuição destes atributos no solo e sua influencia sobre a produtividade. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo, definir o atributo químico do solo, que melhor se apresente para explicar a variabilidade da produtividade do eucalipto e dos componentes da produtividade da forragem. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no ano agrícola de 2011/12, em Ribas do Rio Pardo (MS), onde foram realizadas analises descritivas e espaciais entre atributos do eucalipto, da forragem e de alguns atributos químicos de um Neossolo Quartzarênico, em duas profundidades (0,00-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m). Para isso, foi instalada uma malha geoestatística irregular, onde foram coletados 72 pontos. Do ponto de vista espacial, a altura do eucalipto e a proteína bruta foram estimadas por meio da cokrigagem em função da matéria orgânica. Do ponto de vista espacial, a altura do eucalipto e a proteina bruta da forragem pode ser estimada por meio da co-krigagem com a matéria orgânica. Assim, a matéria orgânica é o atrbuto que com valores mais elevados apresentam sítios com as mais elevadas produtividades.Palavras-chave agricultura de precisão; sistemas integrados; matéria orgânica STUDY OF SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF A SILVOPASTURE SYSTEM DEPENDING ON SOIL CHEMICAL ATTRIBUTES OF AN ENTISOLAbstract The variability of soil chemical attributes influence mainly on the availability of nutrients and conditioning for optimal plant growth, so it is very important to understand the distribution of these attributes in the soil and its influence on yields. This study aimed to define the chemical soil attribute that best present to explain the variability of Eucalyptus yield and forage yield components. The study was conducted in the agricultural year 2011/12, in Ribas do Rio Pardo (MS), Brazil, which were carried out descriptive and spatial analysis between Eucalyptus attributes, forage and in chemical attributes of a Quartzipsamment in two depths (0.00 to 0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m). For this, an irregular geostatistical grid was installed, where 72 points were collected. From a spatial point of view, the height of Eucalyptus and the crude protein was estimated by cokriging according to the organic matter. From a spatial point of view, the height of eucalyptus and the crude protein of fodder can be estimated by means of co-kriging with organic matter. Thus, organic matter, which has the higher values among the other attributes, has sites with the higher yields.Key words precision agriculture; integrated systems; organic matter Introdução O processo da agricultura de precisão inicia com o intuito de captar a variabilidade espacial dos atributos do solo, ...
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