The article is devoted to the early design and social activities of the extraordinary French architect Charles-Édouard Jeanneret known as Le Corbusier (1887–1965), who is considered to be one of the founders of European Functionalism. His first design and pictorial works are considered together with his trips to Western Europe and the Middle East. This experience helped the architect to create his first conceptual versions and models of the modern architecture, which will be described in our further works.
Настоящая статья посвящена архитектуре наиболее известных усадебных домов (домусов) города Помпеи позднего республиканского периода (II-I вв. до н. э.)-Веттиев, Пансы, Фавна и Альбуция Цельса (Серебряной свадьбы). Рассмотрены также два усадебных дома, построенных на пересеченном рельефе,-дом Шампионне и вилла Диомеда. Сделана попытка выявить зависимость архитектурного решения этих построек от социального и профессионального статуса их владельцев. Показана роль древнегреческих традиций (перистильные дворы, домашние сады, фресковая живопись и пр.) в кардинальной реорганизации внутреннего пространства этих жилых комплексов. Рассмотрены градостроительные аспекты, функционально-планировочная структура этих усадеб, особенности решения их фасадов, архитектурных элементов и деталей, а также произведения фресковой живописи, украшавшей их интерьеры, использованные строительные материалы и технические нововведения (системы отопления и водоснабжения, особенности инсоляции жилых и подсобных помещений). Особое внимание уделено бытовой мебели, которая обеспечивала комфортные по тем временам условия проживания хозяев дома, их гостей и слуг. Ключевые слова: Древний Рим; Помпеи; жилые усадебные дома; градостроительные решения; функционально-планировочные схемы; фасады; интерьеры; особенности их инсоляции; оборудование и оснащение комнат.
The article is devoted to the creative heritage of Charles Rennie Mackintosh (1868–1928), the outstanding Scottish architect and Margaret MacDonald Macintosh (1865–1933), his wife, an artist-designer. Their life and main character traits which predetermined the choice of their future profession are considered. A brief overview is given to the main stages of their professional development. In the Glasgow School of arts they organized the famous creative group „The Four‟ which created a unique Glasgow style. They participated in international exhibitions of Art Nouvea, engaged in successful architectural and design practice including the development of unique geometrical pictures and Macintosh style furniture, floral and landscape paintings. The paper describes the tragic end of their creative career, departure from Glasgow, posthumous rehabilitation and international recognition. Their style preferences in the world architecture and design are shown as well specific features of their unique style. The articlepresents three of the most famous design projects of the Macintosh spouses made in the tradition of Glasgow style. Here belong interiors of Cranston tea rooms, Hill House in Helensburgh, Scotland and Bassett-Lowke Northampton house. At present, many Macintoshes works are successfully restored, their museums and exhibitions are organized.
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