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The paper describes a field experiment in which a 9 m deep cut slope in Gault Clay was brought to failure by pore pressure recharge. The geology of the site is described and the procedures used to form the slope are explained. A novel feature was the use of low-friction panels at each end of the study section to form isolation trenches and thus encourage primarily two-dimensional displacements. The site was extensively instrumented using piezometers, inclinometers and surface wire extensometer lines. The system used for the pore pressure recharge is described in detail. This paper also describes the laboratory testing programme performed as part of the project and discusses instrument performance, including key results and observations drawn from the experiment. It was found that the failure of the slope took place as a result of a progressive failure mechanism, with movements initiating at the toe of the slope at an early stage in the experiment. There is some evidence that a similar progressive failure mechanism also developed from the crest of the slope. An important feature of the experiment is the detailed information obtained on slope movements throughout the period up to and beyond failure. Some results from limit equilibrium analyses are presented, which indicate that significant displacements occur even when the factor of safety is well above unity. L'article décrit une expérience sur le terrain qui a consisté à induire la rupture ďun talus remanié de 9 mètres dans de &caronlargile Gault sous ľeffet de la recharge de la pression ďean interstitielle. Les auteurs décrivent la géologie du terrain et expliquent les méthodes utilisées pour former le talus. Une innovation a consisté à utiliser des panneaux à faible coefficient de frottement à chaque extrémité la section à ľétude pour former des tranchées ´isolement et, donc, favoriser des déplacements surtout bidimensionnels. Un grand nombre &acutelinstruments ont été utilisés: piézomètres, inclinomètres et extensomètres à câblage saillant. Le système utilisé pour la recharge de la pression ďeau interstitielle est décrit en détail. ľarticle décrit également le programme ďessais en laboratoire exéé dans le cadre de cc projet et examine la performance des instruments, y compris les principaux résultats et les observations faites à partir de cette expérience. On a constaté que la rupture du talus a éé progressive, commençant au pied du talus pen après le début de ľexpérience. Certaines indications font penser qˇun m&acutelcanisme semblable de rupture progressive a également eu lieu au sommet du talus. Un aspect important de cette expérience est ľinformation détaillée obtenue sur les mouvements du talus pendant toute la période qui a préé la rupture, ainsi qˇaprès la rupture. ľarticle présente certains résultats des analyses ďéquilibre limite qui indiquent que ďimportants déplacements se produisent, même quand le coefficient de sécuré est bien supérieur à ĺunité.

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There appears to be a clear general consensus in the literature regarding four critical issues that define the problem of the October 1963 Vaiont landslide and its behaviour that are central to the disaster: (1) the 1963 failure was a reactivation of an ancient landslide; (2) failure took place along thin clay seams (already at residual strength); (3) the sliding surface had a 'chair' shape with a (sub)horizontal base; and (4) failure was triggered by inundation of the toe of the slide mass by rising reservoir levels. The key to understanding the Vaiont landslide is the failure surface geometry, which was controlled by the structural geology. It now appears that the so-called chair structure (that was assumed to define the shape of the failure surface) does not exist, and without it, the first consensual point is untenable, and the fourth may not contain the whole truth. We have systematically reexamined the published evidence and undertaken our own new research in order to test the logical and geotechnical validity of the four elements of the consensus. Glacial processes can account for the pre-failure morphology of the landslide site; the clay seams must therefore have been at peak shear strength as there was no ancient landslide. Tectonic processes can account for the failure surface geometry, which does not have a 'chair' shape, as well as small-scale structures; and rainfall appears to have been an essential element in the initiation and development of the landslide. Our findings largely contradict the consensus position and thus form the basis of a new overarching hypothesis for the landslide that should account for all of the observed and known features, events and data.

Summary The Folkestone Warren landslides are first compared to the landslides at geologically related sites on the northern coast of France and the southern coast of England. Additional historical data is then presented on the Warren landslides, particularly that of 1915, and the influence on these of the interruption of littoral drift produced by the Folkestone Harbour works is examined. An indication is also given of other considerable mass shiftings which have taken place in the Warren since the early nineteenth century. A preliminary morphological study is made, the features being linked, where possible, with the historical data. The degree to which the frequent Chalk falls from the High Cliff are controlled by the joint pattern is briefly examined and the recent subsurface investigations in the Horse's Head area are reviewed and discussed. The existing back-analyses of the slips are critically re-examined in the light of the fresh historical and morphological data and additional back-analyses are carried out. Measurements of the residual strengths of the high and low liquid limit Gault are made, in two different ring shear machines, and compared with the combined results of the back-analyses.