Forty-eight neuroendocrine tumours of the larynx were studied, of which 41 were classified as large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Most of these tumours occurred in the supraglottic larynx and the patients were predominantly male. Exquisite pain was a presenting feature in one third. These carcinomas metastasized, frequently to skin, giving rise to painful secondary lesions, but long-time survival occurred. Histologically, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma had a number of features seen in neuroendocrine tumours at other sites, including grouping into 'Zellballen' which mimics paraganglioma. Four tumours were definite paragangliomas. These tumours have behaved benignly. There were three cases of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, a tumour which is histologically identical to its counterpart in the bronchus and has a very aggressive course. All three types of tumour expressed general neuroendocrine markers, but only large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma marked for both cytokeratin and calcitonin. In the paraganglioma cases sustentacular cells were identified and marked for S-100 protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Histological examination, supplemented with immunohistochemistry, helped distinguish these tumours into those requiring different treatment regimens.
Objective-To determine whether atrial myxomas express antigens suggesting a neural origin.Design
Synthesis of these two cytokines by macrophages as well as smooth muscle cells contributes to the pathobiology of the plaque and that this is part of the 'reaction to injury', rather than a feature of a specific cell, or a specific layer, within the vessel wall.
Summary Small cell carcinoma (SCC) is considered to be of neuroendocrine origin. Neurone specific enolase (NSE) and PGP 9.5 are markers of neural and neuroendocrine differentiation. S-100 protein is a marker of glial differentiation. The expression of these markers in endobronchial biopsy and lung tumour resection specimens was studied to see if any diagnostic, prognostic or therapeutic implications would emerge.Zamboni fixed endobronchial tumour biopsy specimens from 20 patients were examined. Twelve of these were cases of SCC and 8 were non-SCC. Of the 12 SCC, 7 were positive for NSE, 6 for PGP 9.5 and 5 for S-100 protein. Cases which showed a positive reaction for NSE had a mean survival of 9.1 months compared with 3.9 months for those with a negative reaction, but the number of cases is too small to assign any statistical significance. There was no difference in survival times between positive and negative reactors for PGP 9.5 and S-100 protein. All 8 cases of non-SCC showed positive reactions to all three markers.Of 32 formalin fixed lung tumour resection specimens 6 were cases of SCC, 25 non-SCC and a chemodectoma. Three of the 6 cases of SCC showed positive staining for NSE, 3 for PGP 9.5 and 1 for S-100 protein. Of the 25 non-SCC, 10 were positive for NSE, 12 for PGP9.5 ard 6 for S-100 protein. The 1 chemodectoma stained positively for all tihree markers.Neuroendocrine markers are of little value in differentiating SCC from non-SCC. Positive staining for NSE in SCC may be an indicator of prolonged survival but further investigation is required.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.