The issue of productivity of modern models of grain harvesters produced by OOO Rostselmash and OAO Gomselmash in connection with the nomenclature of reapers supplied to them for direct harvestering and depending on the grain crop yields typical for the Siberian region was considered. To determine the rational composition of the harvesting unit from the list of models under consideration, the models of combines, the loading of which can be provided in the Siberian region at a level close to or equal to the maximum productivity, were determined by calculation and graphical method. It was found that on condition of using 9,0 m wide reapers with Russian models of combine harvesters and 9,2 m with Byelorussian models, for harvesting works it is rational to use Vector 410 with the yield of 1,8-2,4 t/ha and GS 10 PRO with the yield of 2,45-3,00 t/ha. In this case, their technical potential can be fully realized and the maximum productivity in terms of both harvested area and threshed grain can be ensured. The use of more productive combine harvesters for direct harvesters in Siberia is not always justified, because at the current level of grain yields here their technical potential cannot be fully realized. On the basis of the research, diagrams were obtained, which can be used to select the harvesting machine “combine harvester + reaper”, taking into account the level of yield and the contour of fields in a particular farm, varying the coverage of the reaper.
The results of the analysis on the assessment of technical equipment of agricultural producers with mobile power facilities and technological machines depending on the area of cultivated crops in the Omsk region are presented. The state statistics data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food of Omsk Region were studied for the period of 2008-2020. The total cultivation area of the region is 2881.2 thousand hectares. There was a slight decrease in the area under grain crops by 2.9 thousand hectares, under fodder crops by 75.2 thousand hectares, or by 0.14 and 13.2%, respectively. A significant change in the quantitative composition of the machine and tractor fleet is shown. An annual reduction in the number of tractors, forage harvesters and grain harvesters was noted. The number of tractors decreased by 2811 units, or by 26.6%. As of December 2020, the operation of 30.6% of grain harvesters and 56.7% of self-propelled forage harvesters does not exceed 10 years. A decrease in the number of agricultural tractors is connected with the use of a minimum tillage technology, a reduction in energy costs and funds for carrying out agrotechnical operations in comparison with traditional technology. Reducing the number of tractors and combines leads to an increase in the average load on the machine. This tendency leads to increasing the terms of the main agrotechnical operations, which affects the quantity and quality of the final product. The determination of the optimal composition of the tractor fleet should be carried out for each specific farm, taking into account local conditions, the structure of economic activity and its specialization.
The process of snow cover formation on the fields with different surface conditions was studied. The research was conducted in the spring of 2022 in the steppe farming zone of the Omsk region. The effect of high plant stand of cereal crops remaining after harvesting by standing crop stripping on the amount of snow cover and the volume of spring moisture accumulation in the soil as a reserve for increasing the yield in the steppe regions of Western Siberia is considered. The results of determining the height of snow cover on a fallow field (complete fallow), on fields under grain crops harvested by different methods: with a direct harvester followed by flat tillage; with a direct harvester without subsequent tillage; with a combing harvester at the height of the stem during harvesting up to 0.55 m are presented. In the course of the study it was found that during harvesting by the stripping method, the moisture reserves in the snow cover were 2.2 times higher compared to the stubble background, 3.7 times higher compared to the stubble background treated with a flat cutter, and 4.1 times higher compared to the fallow field (control). Based on the data obtained, the conclusion is made about the possibility of using this method to form the conditions for moisture accumulation in the arid steppe zone without additional measures for snow retention, which should have a positive impact not only on the yield of cultivated crops, but also on the agro-economic indicators.
The article presents the main results of a three-year research on the use of a seeder with openers for different depths of grain sowing and mineral fertilizers application.Research purpose To compare SKP-2.1 seeder equipped with experimental openers and the serially produced one and to determine the yield and quality indicators of spring soft wheat grain, depending on the sowing method and the rate of nitrogen mineral fertilizers application.Materials and methods A comparative field agrotechnical experiment was carried out to compare the indicators of field germination, yield by variants and the quality of grain obtained in different variants of the experiment. The experiment was carried out on Omskaya-36 soft spring wheat. The sowing performed by SKP-2.1 serially produced seeder-cultivator was taken as control. The experimental plots were sown with the same seeder but equipped with combined coulters, which are lancet paws that ensure the placement of granular mineral fertilizers and seeds in soil horizons of different depths.Results and discussion According to the three-year research, the maximum economic effect was obtained at the rate of ammonium nitrate application of 150 kg/ha. As a result, the yield increased by 0.44 t/ha, the cost of additional production accounted for 6740 rub/ha. A slight decrease in the economic effect was revealed with an increase in the rate of fertilizer application. It was determined that the maximum yield and the best grain quality characteristics both in the control sowing options and in the experimental ones were obtained with the application of ammonium nitrate a rate of 150 and 200 kg/ha.Conclusions It was established that the use of a seeder for different-depth grain sowing and mineral fertilizers application, depending on the spring weather conditions and the ammonium nitrate dose, provides an increase in field germination by 11-18%; the average annual increase in grain yield accounted for 16.3%. The gluten content proved to increase from 24.6 (control) to 29.8 percent.
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