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Two sets of quality measures of group care were used to assess their predictive power for two sets of measures of the development of infant and toddlers in group day care. One of the quality measures we investigated was the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS). We replicated the findings of Scarr, Eisenberg, & DealerDeckard (1994) which were that the total score of the ECERS represents a global index and that the 37 items making up the scale are redundant and could be shortened considerably without loss of the scale as a quality criterion of group care for young children. Neither Scarr, Eisenberg, and Dealer-Deckard (1994) nor our own Factor Analyses of the 37 items supported the a priori distinction of seven Subscales. However further findings indicate that regardless of the redundancy within ECERS, two Subscales, dealing mainly with adultchild, child-child and adult-adult interactions, predict the development of infants and toddlers, but only when the measures of development were based on participant observations of the children over a longer period oftime and in the broad context ofthe natural daycare environment. None of the Subscales, nor the total ECERS predicted social development when it was based on precise time sampling observations, assessed by non participant observers, in interactions between a child and a specific caregiver. Such measures ofdevelopment were well predicted in our study by caregiver behaviors assessed through Time Sampling Observations.

Dependency is reinforced from earliest infancy and throughout the total life cycle of most people in most societies. It is difficult to isolate dependency for study because i t enters into many phases of interpersonal experiences, as for instance, love and hate, domination and submission, conformity and rebellion, and cooperation and competition. Cultural pressures and negative personal experiences often produce conflicts that lead to inhibition, disguise, and inconsistency in the overt expression of motivation and other aspects of dependency. These are sources of difficulty for the measurement of dependency. However, i f we are to arrive at a comprehensive theoretical for mulation, we must construct adequate measures for these varied manifestations of dependency, the conditions that affect their interaction, and their relationships to other psychological variables.A review of the recent literature on research in dependency reveals considerable agreement on the choice of behaviors investigated in several studies and on the choice of conditions expected to reinforce these behaviors. However, discrepancies among findings from mrious studies raise serious questions for further research on dependency. This paper bears on two areas in which discrepancies exist. Thereis disagreement on: (1) amount of homogeneity found among different manifestations of dependency within a ~h i l d , ' *~~~~~*~~*~~ and (2) the antecedents of dependency. With regard to the latter, frustration in the form of early absence of mothering has been reported to relate to a decrease in the expression of dependency in some studies, '*" to an increase in another, '' and to either "apathy" or increased dependency or to both in still others. 8 * 9 D Frustrations due to parental handling of nursing in infancy were found to correlate with heigfitened dependency by one group of investigators, ' s but not by others. 19*20B'2 There is more agreement and 'This 1s a summary of a paper, illustrated with slides, which was presented at a meeting of the Division on February 16, 1959. Some of the studies discussed in this artlcle are part of a research project entitled "A

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