Comparative anatomical studies conducted in provenance trial plantations and natural pine forests to study the anatomy of the needles and identify anatomical variability have helped to obtain the data on the formation peculiarities of vegetative shoot organs, on the variability and persistence of structural features, ways of adaptive evolution. Studies of Scots pine provenance trial plantations from the zone of deciduous forests, southern forest-steppe and dry steppe have made it possible to note that morphological and anatomical structure of the needles changes to local ecotypes. Thus, structural adaptation of assimilation apparatus to new growing conditions occurs. It determines the productivity and stability of tree stands, the duration and intensity of growth of all plant organs in general.
Comparative anatomical studies of one-year sprouts Pinus sylvestris L. made it possible to obtain data on the features of vegetative organ formation, histological changes and the persistence of structural features by the influence of environmental factors. It is noted that the parameters of histological structure and cytological indexes of one-year sprouts are strongly influenced by the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC) of growing conditions. The structure of the one-year sprouts of Pinus sylvestris L., growing in sufficient humidification (HTC=1.6) conditions, is characterized by the greatest thickness of cortex, phloem and xylem, the largest radius of pith, the maximum diameter of resin canals, while having the smallest size of external protective tissues. Histological studies of the geographical cultures of Pinus sylvestris L. of the central forest-steppe revealed, that being in the same growth conditions, the anatomical structure of one-year sprouts significantly changes. Histological and cytological indexes of the anatomical structure of the one-year sprouts of Pinus sylvestris L. populations from the dry steppe increase by 33%, from the broad-leaved forest zone decrease to 30%. Thus, structural adaptation of the assimilation apparatus to new growing conditions occurs, which determines in general the productivity and stability of the woodlands of Pinus sylvestris L.
The macroscopic structure of Pinus sylvestris L. wood growing in the geographical cultures of the Central forest-steppe (Bryansk, Voronezh, and Volgograd climatypes), natural forests of the broad-leaved forest zone of the Bryansk region, the zone of the southern forest-steppe of the Voronezh region and the dry steppe of the Volgograd region was studied. The dependence of the annual ring width on the degree of humidification was found. When Pinus sylvestris L. moving in arid conditions of the dry steppe, changes in the annual ring width were noted, this is an adaptive feature of plants to environmental conditions. The early wood is more susceptible to changes in width depending on the growing conditions than late wood. In geographical cultures of Pinus sylvestris L. created in the Central Forest-steppe of the Voronezh Region climatypes from the Bryansk region have a decrease in the annual ring width and climatypes from the Volgograd region have an increase in the annual ring width, which is related to a change in the degree of humidification. Macrostructural features of wood can be an indicator of the climate in certain natural conditions.
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