Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is the leading cause of vision loss and disability in working-age people with diabetes mellitus. This literature review describes pathogenetic mechanisms, concepts, diagnostic techniques and capabilities of novel laser technologies in the treatment of DMO. In recent years, the role of cytokines and growth factors in retinal neurodegeneration has been actively investigated. Modern diagnostic techniques for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema, in addition to conventional techniques, include optical coherence tomography, autofluorescence and microperimetry. These techniques allow the visualization of retinal structures and its functional condition, and they can be used to detect DMO at early stages and to provide the most effective treatment. The evolution of laser technology resulted in the formation of new approaches to DMO treatment. Subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) treatment, in conjunction with conventional photocoagulation, has pronounced therapeutic effects. SML shows high selectivity towards retinal pigment epithelium while avoiding neurosensory retina injury. Owing to the chronic nature of DMO and pathogenetic mechanisms recently discovered, further elaboration of the SML technique appears to be a very promising treatment.
411.24 ± 126 μm to 359.86 ± 120.4 μm (p < 0.05), with a subsequent increase in the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) from 0. 52 ± 0.2 at baseline to 0.71 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05) at the 12-month follow-up. The mean central retinal sensitivity (RS) improved from 11.27 ± 3.8 dB to 13.24 ± 3.2 dB (p < 0.05). In the control group, our results showed similar improvement in respectively, p < 0.05
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