The common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) has a proven invasion history in many countries, and at a continental scale in North America and Australasia. In Australia, starlings are firmly established throughout the eastern states and Tasmania. Incursions of starlings into Western Australia (WA) represent a significant threat to this State’s agricultural, public amenity and biodiversity assets. We present models of starling population dynamics that incorporate environmental and control effort variability. We incorporate knowledge of starling ecology with economic data to assess the potential economic cost of starlings establishing in WA, evaluating the cost–benefits for each management scenario. We calculated starling population size will approach carrying capacity in WA within as little as 30 years if left unchecked. A population of this size could cost the WA economy up to $43.7 million annually in 2011/2012 dollars. Over a 50 year horizon, the conservative benefit–cost ratio for ongoing detection and control at the current level of expenditure is 6.03:1. However, even under current levels of control, starling numbers are projected to increase to almost 11 million by 2061. Further improvements in the efficiency of starling detection and control and/or an increased level of expenditure on detection and control are required
2 developments in the world iron and steel markets. Section 3 surveys the previous literature on this topic. Our conclusions from this section are that (i) there seems to be no real consensus on how best to forecast steel; and (ii) previous applications to the Chinese case leave considerable room for improvement. Section 4 presents the Chinese data as well as a preliminary analysis of steel demand. In Section 5 we discuss the forecasting methodology to be used, viz. vector autoregressions. Sections 6 and 7 deal with estimates of the model and the actual forecasts, while Section 8 presents concluding comments. 2. The World Iron and Steel Industries ,. .. In 1989 world steel consumption amounted to 782 mt. The main conslime1;s •, were the USSR (157 mt), the USA (104 mt), Japan (94 mt) "'and China (63 mt). •. ~ .. The world steel market can be usefully split into developed and developing countries. In developed countries, demand is sluggish as it is dependent upon modernising existing infrastructure and replacement demand for consumer durable goods. change and material-~ In addition, technical substitution serve to pull down the demand for steel in devel9ped countries. By contrast, steel consumption in developing economies is expanding. lletween 1970 and 1985, steel demand increased at an average annual rate of 6 A percent. This buoyancy is due to growth in the provision of infrastructure and increasing demand for consumer durables. Table 1 illustrates this contrast between developed and developing countries. The western industrial countries, the traditional steel-producing nations, have recently experienced excess capacity as a result of low domestic demand. The newly industrialised countries, as part of their industrial. l
Background Education on infections in hospitalized patients, antimicrobial selection, and principles of antimicrobial stewardship are foundational to all clinicians. Incorporating early learners into Infectious Diseases (ID) consult services has the potential to build a strong fund of knowledge in these content domains, but also poses potential challenges. We evaluated the impact of a novel clinical rotation and supporting curriculum on third-year medical students rotating on the ID consult service for 2 weeks during their 12-week Internal Medicine clerkship at the University of California, San Diego. Methods Third-year medical students who selected to rotate on the ID consult service were given an hour-long orientation about the service and common infectious syndromes. They were provided with a checklist of clinical skills to complete during the rotation. In addition to daily rounds and clinical care, ID Coaches (ID faculty and senior ID fellows) met with students weekly for 1-2 hours to review ID topics, practice oral presentations, and/or conduct physical exam finding rounds. We surveyed medical students to assess the effectiveness of the rotation. Results Forty third-year medical students participated in the 2-week ID consult rotation between June 2020-May 2021; 31 (77%) completed the rotation evaluation. Seventy percent or more of students reported that the ID rotation facilitated their learning across 8 of 10 ID-content domains (Figure 1). More students reported that the ID Coach facilitated learning (71%) compared to the clinical skills checklist (42%). Students highlighted learning about antimicrobial selection, stewardship, and clinical reasoning on the rotation but reported that teaching was limited when the service census was high (Figure 2). Figure 1: Percent of Students Rating the ID Consult Rotation as Extremely or Very Effective in Facilitating Learning Across 10 Domains Figure 2: Students' Reflections on the Effectiveness of the ID Consult Rotation Conclusion Third-year medical students found that a 2-week rotation on the ID consult service was highly effective in teaching foundational ID content and general medicine skills. Incorporating early learners into a busy and complex subspecialty consult service can be facilitated through the use of supplemental curricular tools such as ID Coaches. Disclosures Darcy Wooten, MD, MS, Nothing to disclose
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