A study based on satellite observations shows that sporadic‐E clouds have an average length of 170 km; x‐mode blanketing lengths are found to be longer than those for o mode signals. Some double‐layer data are also given. Separation distances between Es clouds are shown to increase as a function of height. Horizontal variations of Es structure are presented, and a convex Es structure is offered as the most probable explanation of W echoes.
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