Disinfection process was applied as the last step of the water treatment to kill pathogenic bacteria in the water. However, according to several studies, the ozonation disinfection process could form undesired by-products. One of the by-products potentially affecting human life is bromate produced from bromide ionic-containing water. This study was carried out to examine the effect of raw water characteristics and pH on bromate formation. Also, the performance of bromate formation for a period of exposure time was analyzed. Raw waters taken from four different areas around Bandung were exposed to ozone introduced to a reactor with a flow rate of 2 L/min. The pH of the raw waters varied from 4, 7 to 10. The results show that there was no evidence of an initial bromide ion concentration, whereas a change in pH value gives a significantly different outcome. In acidic condition (pH of 4) the bromate formation tends to decrease, whereas when the pH value increases to a pH of 10, the bromate formation increases. Therefore, for drinking water with a neutral pH, when bromide ions are detected in the raw water, the drinking water may be toxic due to the presence of bromate.
This paper was presented as part of the student paper contest associatedwith the Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Abstract The Dietz shape factor is one of the key parameter for predicting productionperformance of oil and gas wells. Except for vertical well, the librariesof shape factor are currently available only for a well producing at a constantrate. This condition however is unlikely to occur in the reality ascompared to condition under a constant pressure. As hydraulic fracturing plays a major role in well stimulation to increaseproduction, there is a need to develop Dietz shape factor forhydraulical vertical fracture well producing at a constant bottom holepressure. In this paper, by using reservoir simulation, the new shape factors aredeveloped for closed rectangular reservoir, with single vertical fracture well, at infinite and finite fracture conductivity, under a constant bottom holepressure. The new shape factors should replace Dietz shape factors forvertical hydraulic fracture well producing at a constant rate, particularlywhen evaluating the production performance of a vertical fracture well at aconstant bottom hole pressure with finite fracture conductivity. Introduction The shape factors introduced by Dietz in 1965 for vertical wells producingat constant rate, and also by Helmy-Wattenbarger in 1998 for wells producing atconstant bottomhole pressure, for various shape of drainage areas and wellpositions. Dietz also introduced shape factor for vertically fractured well producingat infinite fracture conductivity under constant rate condition and In 1991Ozkan-Raghavan6 introduced an analytical solution to obtain shape factor forvertically fractured well at infinite conductivity fracture, producing underconstant rate condition. Ozkan-Raghavan also clarified that their analyticalsolution can be used also to obtain the shape factor for vertically fracturewell producing at constant pressure in infinite fracture conductivity. BothDietz and Ozkan-Raghavan shape factors are created for closed rectangulardrainage area produced at a constant rate in infinite fracturing conductivity. However, the shape factor for vertical fracture well producing at a constantpressure in finite fracturing conductivity is not available either in Dietz orOzkan-Raghavan shape factor. The purpose of this paper areto build a simulation model which could beuse to obtain new shape factor for closed rectangular reservoir with verticalfracture well producing at a constant bottomhole pressure andto obtain newshape factor for vertical fracture well producing at finite and infinitefracture conductivity under a constant bottom hole pressure.
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