Although AR and ARC are sometimes perceived as trivial conditions, this review indicates that their effect on adolescent life is negative and far-reaching. It is critical that clinicians gain a greater understanding of the unique burden of AR and ARC in adolescents to ensure they receive prompt and appropriate care and treatment to improve clinical and academic outcomes.

This meta-analysis compared the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and/or allergic asthma (AA) caused by perennial house dust mite (HDM) versus AR and/or AA caused by seasonal pollen allergy. Following a systematic search, the identified studies used the disease-specific rhinitis quality of life questionnaire or generic instruments (SF-36 and SF-12). Summary estimates obtained by meta-analysis showed that HRQL in patients with perennial HDM allergy was significantly worse than that of patients with seasonal pollen allergy, when measured by both disease-specific and generic HRQL instruments, and was reflected by an impact on both physical and mental health. A systematic review of cost data on AR and AA in selected European countries demonstrated that the majority of the economic burden was indirectly caused by high levels of absenteeism and presenteeism; there was little or no evidence of increasing or decreasing cost trends. Increased awareness of the detrimental effects of AR and/or AA on patients’ HRQL and its considerable cost burden might encourage early diagnosis and treatment, in order to minimize the disease burden and ensure beneficial and cost-effective outcomes.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12948-016-0049-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundBased on the 24-week, prospective, non-interventional, observational study, A1chieve®, we investigated how health-related quality of life (HRQoL) changed, and the predictors of such changes, in Chinese people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) after starting with, or switching to, biphasic insulin aspart 30 (BIAsp 30).MethodsIn total, 8,578 people with T2DM starting treatment with, or switching to, BIAsp 30 were recruited from 130 urban hospitals in China. HRQoL was assessed at baseline and 24 weeks using the EuroQol-5 dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, paired t-test, and chi-square test were conducted and the linear ordinary least squares regression model was used to determine predictors for changes in EQ-5D score.ResultsHaemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) decreased from 9.5% to 7.0% after 24 weeks. The reported HRQoL measured by the EQ-5D visual analogue scale score increased by 6.2 (p < 0.001) from 75.8 to 82.0, and EQ-5D index score increased by 0.018 (p < 0.001) from 0.875 to 0.893 for the cohort over 24 weeks. The percentage of patients reporting no problems in the mobility, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression dimensions of EQ-5D increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 88.4% to 91.4%, 77.3% to 82.8%, and 74.2% to 77.1%, respectively. Patients with higher HbA1c levels at baseline, major hypoglycaemia or micro-complications exhibited significantly larger changes in EQ-5D scores than those with lower baseline HbA1c levels, without major hypoglycaemia or micro-complications after controlling for demographics and other baseline characteristics.ConclusionsBIAsp 30 treatment was associated with improved glycaemic control and HRQoL in T2DM patients in China. Patients with worse health conditions were more likely to experience larger improvements in HRQoL than those with better health conditions.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT00869908.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12955-014-0137-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Switching from treatment with BHI, IGlar, or NPH to BIAsp 30 (all ± OGLDs) was found to be cost-effective in India, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, both in the long and short term.

Starting BIAsp 30 in people with type 2 diabetes in the A(1)chieve study was found to be cost-effective across all country settings at 1- and 30-year time horizons, and usefully increased predicted life expectancy.

Background This paper reports the duration of moderate and severe exacerbations in patients with house dust mite induced allergic asthma and the impact on patients’ quality of life. Methods Post-hoc analyses were conducted using data collected during a phase III multi-national trial (MT-04) that investigated time to moderate or severe asthma exacerbation among 485 patients during withdrawal from inhaled corticosteroids. Patient diaries were analysed to ascertain duration of exacerbations. The impact on patients’ quality of life was measured by calculating utilities for five health states using the EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ-5D-3L) and Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQL-5D). A regression analysis predicted the disutility of moving from ‘well controlled asthma’ to the other four health states: ‘partially controlled asthma’, ‘uncontrolled asthma’, ‘moderate exacerbation’ and ‘severe exacerbation’. Results Two hundred four patients experienced exacerbations. Moderate and severe exacerbations involved statistically significant reductions in lung function compared to the constant peak expiratory flow observed for patients without exacerbations. Lung function decline occurred for 28 days, decreasing approximately 14 days before an exacerbation followed by a return to baseline over 14 days. Asthma symptoms, the use of short-acting β2-agonists, and frequency of nocturnal awakening all increased, starting 10–14 days before an exacerbation, and returned to baseline within 10–28 days following exacerbations. Compared to ‘well controlled asthma’, the disutility of having a ‘moderate exacerbation’ ranged from − 0.0834 to − 0.0921 (EQ-5D-3L) and from − 0.114 to − 0.121 (AQL-5D); and of having a ‘severe exacerbation’ from − 0.115 to − 0.163 (EQ-5D-3L) and from − 0.153 to − 0.217 (AQL-5D), depending on the length of the observation period. Conclusions The impact of moderate and severe exacerbations in house dust mite induced allergic asthma extends 14 days before and 28 days after the peak exacerbation event. The impact of exacerbations on patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL) continues long after their occurrence.

discounting rate of 3% was used for both costs and health outcomes simulation. One-way sensitivity analysis was performed. RESULTS: Therapy conversion to IAsp would result in increased life expectancy by 0.81 years per patient (13.93 vs. 13.12) and QALY by 1.44 QALYs per patient (9.87 vs. 8.43), due to reduced incidences of diabetes-related complications. Treatment and management costs of diabetes were increased by CNY (Chinese Yuan) 11,690 (48,850 vs. 37,160) and 1,982 (39,924 vs. 37,942) respectively. However, the costs of complications, including cerebrovascular disease, renal complications, ulcer/amputation/ neuropathy, eye complications, and hypoglycemia events, were reduced by CNY 199,028 (102,590 vs. 301,618), resulting in total direct medical cost saving of CNY 185,357. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated robustness of the results. CONCLUSIONS: Switching from HI to IAsp in T2DM patients in China was associated with not only improvement of life expectancy and QALYs, but also significant reduction in total direct medical costs. Therapy conversion to IAsp from HI is a cost-saving treatment strategy for T2DM patients in a Chinese setting.

When exploring within person change over time, ASUI consistently demonstrated higher effect sizes than EQ-5D-5L both in patients improving and worsening according to other study outcomes including self-assessed response to treatment, exacerbations, lung function, asthma control, and activity limitation. ConClusions: More favourable distributional properties and responsiveness to change in disease status were observed for a disease-specific utility instrument (ASUI) when compared to EQ-5D-5L, a generic utility instrument. Generic instruments may not adequately or sufficiently capture and reflect important changes in quality of life associated with severe asthma. PRS51ExPloRing ThE BuRdEn of illnESS and imPacT of SQ-STandaRdiSEd gRaSS allERgy immunoThERaPy TaBlET TREaTmEnT (aiT) on QualiTy of lifE (Qol) in PaTiEnTS wiTh allERgic RhiniTiS (aR) in gERmany and ThE nEThERlandS