A quantitative study of microbial clay mineral reduction
coupled to the oxidation of organic carbon was carried out
using an Fe(III)-reducing bacterium (Shewanella putrefaciens
strain MR-1). Total CO2 production, organic acid depletion,
and Fe(III) reduction were measured in the same cultures
with formate or lactate as the carbon source and clay
as the sole electron acceptor. Mean ratios of 1.6:1 and 4.9:1
were observed for structural Fe(III) reduction coupled to
formate oxidation and lactate oxidation, respectively. When
organic ligands were added under similar culture
conditions, the extent of clay reduction was enhanced up
to 2-fold in the order of nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) >
oxalate > citrate > malate. Further, dissolution of the
clay mineral structure was inferred as dissolved Fe(II)
comprised up to 50% of the total clay-bound Fe reduced
in cultures to which organic ligand was added. Here we
provide the first direct measurements which show that
(1) bacteria may couple the respiration of Fe(III) bound in
smectite clay minerals to carbon cycling, (2) organic
ligands increase the bioavailability of Fe(III) bound in clay
minerals, and (3) bacterial Fe(III) reduction in the presence
of organic ligands may lead to clay mineral dissolution. These
discoveries have important implications for the biogeochemistry of soils where Fe(III)-bearing clay minerals
are abundant.
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