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Környezetünk védelme közös feladat. Minden szennyezés, ami földjeinket, növényeinket, a szűkebb, vagy a tágabb értelemben vett környezetünket éri, előbb-utóbb megjelenik az élelmiszerlánc valamelyik tagjában, végül a piramis csúcsán álló emberben.Munkánk célja egy átlátható képet adni néhány ipari hulladék -cementpor, mészpor, mészhidrátpor -növényekre gyakorolt fiziológiai hatásáról. A vizsgált anyagok a növények számára sok létfontosságú elemet tartalmaznak (pl.: vas, kálium, magnézium, foszfor, cink), de mindezek mellett alumínium, ólom, króm és kobalt is megtalálható bennük. Ezek figyelembevételével vizsgáltuk a csírázásra gyakorolt hatást, a növények elemfelvételét, a száraz anyag felhalmozást és a relatív klorofill tartalmat. A laboratóriumi kísérletek során bizonyítottá vált a cement por, a mészpor és a mészhidrátpor kedvező és kedvezőtlen fiziológiai hatása. Kétségtelen, hogy a laboratóriumban a környezet kompenzáló hatása kizárt, azonban a környezeti terhelések semlegesítése természetes körülmények között sem végtelen.

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Cydia interscindana (Möschler, 1866) has spread through several European countries in the past few years, becoming an invasive pest of ornamental trees. It was collected in Hungary for the first time in a pheromone trap set for Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758) in 2014. Here we discuss its recent distribution in Hungary based on intensive sampling between 2018 and 2020, which showed the dispersal of the pest by humans. Two formerly unknown host plants are also recorded. The damage caused by the larvae, the external morphology of the adult male, larva, pupa (described for the first time) and pupal exuviae are presented. We also analyse DNA barcodes, identifying this pest for the first time via DNA sequencing of immature stages. Introduction Cydia interscindana is native in the Mediterranean region, where it was described by Möschler in 1866 from Andalusia. It is distributed in Mediterranean countries including Portugal (Corley 2004), Spain (Férriz et al. 2006), France (Lévêque et al. 2017) and Italy (Minelli 1995). Later the species was recorded in the British Isles (Knill-Jones 2020), Belgium (De Prins 2016), Switzerland (Swisslepteam 2010), Slovakia (Pastorális et al. 2018) and Russia (Caucasus; Schurov et al. 2017). In Hungary, Cydia interscindana adults were caught by a sticky delta pheromone trap (CSALOMON RAG type) for Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus 1758) in 2014 during a study on swarming dynamics of the latter pest in Budapest. This provided the first record of the species in the Carpathian basin (Szabóky 2014; Takács and Szabóky 2015). In the Mediterranean region larvae feed on Juniperus oxycedrus (L.) (Miller 1990). In Belgium the larva was recorded on Juniperus spp. (Meert et al. 2019). J. oxycedrus is not native in Hungary, but Cupressus × leylandii A.B. Jacks. & Dallim 1926, Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco 1949 and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray bis) Parl. 1864 are popular evergreens used as ornamental trees both in parks and gardens. In Hungary several pests of these plants have been recorded, all probably introduced with imported plants; in the literature, 11 Lepidoptera, nine Coleoptera and six Hemiptera species have been mentioned already (Csóka and Kovács 1999; Maráczi 2013; Bozsik et al. 2016; Schurov et al. 2017). However, until the end of the 2000s, only Scolytidae (Coleoptera) species caused serious damage (Bozsik and Szőcs 2017). In 2012, an outbreak of the formerly detected (Muskovits 2001) Lamprodila festiva (Linnaeus 1767) (Buprestidae) took place in Budapest (Németh 2012) causing serious damage on Platycladus orientalis and several ornamental gymnosperm species. This outbreak was certainly caused by introduced specimens, that had arrived with trees from the Mediterranean region where this beetle is a well-known pest (Merkl 2016), whose abundance in Hungary increases due to climatic change (Csóka et al. 2018). Based on the available data, in Hungary this beetle pest has also been blamed for all the damage caused on Cupressus, Platycladus and Chamaecyparis trees and management has been carried out only against them. In 2018, a larva of L. festiva, an unidentified caterpillar and a freshly emerged specimen of Cydia interscindana were collected simultaneously from a Leyland cypress in Székesfehérvár (Central Hungary). In that year, similar Lepidoptera larvae were found in three neighbouring villages: Velence, Sukoró and Pákozd. To identify the sampled caterpillar, DNA analysis was undertaken. Additionally, in 2019–2020 a country-wide investigation was carried out to map the distribution and abundance of C. interscindana and gather data on bionomics of this pest in the Carpathian basin.

SummaryThe uptake of nutrients by the plants is the main physiological process that determines the quality and the quantity of crops. The unfavourable environmental conditions decreases the uptake of nutrients, the dry matter accumulation of plants and with that the available quantity of crops. The most important abiotic factor is the soil pH, which determines the efficiency of plant-crop-production. However the effect of soil pH is multiple, but one of the mostly investigate area is the relationship between the pH and the mobile/soluble nutrient contents of soil. The uptake of nutrients by the plants determines the final product, its quantity and quality. The unfavourable environmental conditions affect these processes, the uptake of nutrients is decreasing, and parallel with this the productivity of crop cultures will also decrease. One of the main environmental factors determining the effectiveness of crop production is the soil pH.In this study, we examined the effect of bicarbonate in nutrient solution and in apoplasma, as well as a biofertilizer (Phylazonit MC ® ) in controlled environmental conditions on corn and cucumber seedlings grown on nutrient solution. We measured the relative chlorophyll contents, the growth of shoot and roots, the dry matter production, the element contents of experimental plants, particularly in case of iron uptake that is the one of the most important element in limited the crops. It is observed in our experiments that besides the pH of nutrients solution, the bicarbonate concentration in the leaf-apoplasma may also cause nutrient deficiency (latent nutrient deficiency) in mesophyll cells. On the basis of this observation we suggest that the uptake of nutrients by the roots and by the mesophyll cells is follows similar processes. According to our results the bacteria contents biofertilizer could compensate the pH increasing effect of bicarbonate, trough the secreting organic acid of microorganism. We supposed that the similar uptake of the bacterium and high plants are behind the advantageous effect.

Cadmium is one of the most dangerous heavy metals, which may cause serious problems in certain physiological processes of living organisms even in small amounts. In our work we analysed how cadmium affects some physiological parameters of different maize and sunflower hybrids. The chlorophyll contents and the morphological changes of the root were examined. We received different results in terms of the cadmium tolerance of these two plants.

Bio-fertilizers promote the nutrition uptake, firstly enhance the baring and mobility of nutrients, on the other hand biofertilizers elevate nutrient uptake in direct way. Although there are a lot of questions about their application in polluted soils. The  cadmium ion is easily collectable and also transportable inside plants. Thus the Cd can get into the food-chain causing public health problems. The cadmium treatment decreases the dry matter accumulation, and the intensity of photosynthesis at the experimental plants, while the treatments with bio-fertilizer increased these parameters. The cadmium accumulated in the roots, the transport to the shoots was low. We came to the conclusion, that –because of the different nutrient-uptake systemthe sunflower took up more cadmium. Using bacterium containing bio-fertilizer the toxic effect of cadmium was moderated. By our experimental results the use of Phylazonit is offered under contaminated conditions.