Plasma viral load and CD4 dynamics after a single interruption of highly active antiretroviral therapy were different for primary HIV infection and chronic HIV infection patients. Viral rebound is delayed or absent and early CD4 cell count decline after treatment interruption is less pronounced in primary HIV infection patients.

Replacing ZDV/3TC with TDF/FTC in this limited sample of virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected adults was associated with mild persistent tubular but not glomerular dysfunction over 48 weeks. The observed persistent decrease in Cockcroft-Gault-based eGFR, but not mGFR, rather than being indicative of glomerular dysfunction may be explained by TDF inhibiting tubular creatinine excretion.

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to compare the effects on lipids, body composition and renal function of once-daily ritonavir-boosted saquinavir (SQV/r) or atazanavir (ATV/r) in combination with tenofovir/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) over 48 weeks. MethodsAn investigator-initiated, randomized, open-label, multinational trial comparing SQV/r 2000/ 100 mg and ATV/r 300/100 mg once daily, both in combination with TDF/FTC, in 123 treatmentnaïve HIV-1-infected adults was carried out. The primary endpoint was to demonstrate noninferiority of SQV/r compared with ATV/r with respect to the change in fasting cholesterol after 24 weeks. Secondary outcome measures were changes in metabolic abnormalities, body composition, renal function, and virological and immunological efficacy over 48 weeks. Patients who had used at least one dose of trial drug were included in the analysis. ResultsData for 118 patients were analysed (57 patients on SQV/r and 61 on ATV/r). At week 24, changes in lipids were modest, without increases in triglycerides, including a significant rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and a nonsignificant decrease in the total:HDL cholesterol ratio in both arms with no significant difference between arms. Lipid changes at week 48 were similar to the changes observed up to week 24, with no significant change in the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index. Adipose tissue increased regardless of the regimen, particularly in the peripheral compartment and to a lesser extent in the central abdominal compartment, with an increase in adipose tissue reaching statistical significance in the ATV/r arm. A slight decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was observed in both arms during the first 24 weeks, with no progression thereafter. The immunological and virological responses were similar over the 48 weeks. ConclusionsCombined with TDF/FTC, both SQV/r 2000/100 mg and ATV/r 300/100 mg had comparable modest effects on lipids, had little effect on glucose metabolism, conserved adipose tissue, and similarly reduced eGFR. The virological efficacy was similar.

Whether temporary antiretroviral treatment during primary HIV infection (PHI) lowers the viral set point or affects the subsequent CD4 count decline remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to analyze the clinical, viral, and immunological effects of temporary early HAART during PHI. This is a cohort study of patients with laboratory evidence of PHI. Independent predictors of early HAART and the viral set point were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Plasma HIV-1 RNA (pVL) and CD4 trajectories were analyzed using linear mixed models. A total of 332 patients were included in the analysis. Sixty-four patients started HAART within 180 days of seroconversion. A higher baseline pVL was independently predictive of the start of early HAART (OR: 2.69/log10pVL, p = 0.001). Thirty-two patients who interrupted early HAART were compared with 250 patients who remained untreated for more than 180 days after seroconversion. Temporary early HAART was not significantly associated with a longer AIDS-free survival but did result in an initial, but transient lowering of the viral set point. The viral set point was initially 0.6 log copies/ml lower after interruption of early HAART (p < 0.001) and remained lower during 83 weeks of follow-up. No significant difference in the slopes of CD4 decline was detected between the groups. Temporary HAART in PHI is started more frequently in patients with a higher pVL and can transiently lower the viral set point compared to never treated patients.

The pharmacokinetic parameters for the different treatment arms were adequate. However, the proportion of subjects with an undectable viral load at week 24 was lower than anticipated.

Objective: To measure the incidence of HIV infection over a 10 year follow up in a cohort of female commercial sex workers in Alicante (Spain), and to determine factors associated with high risk of infection. Methods: A prospective cohort study was carried in an AIDS information and prevention centre in Alicante, Spain. Of the 1388 female sex workers who initially sought the services of the centre since September 1986, 657 completed at least one additional follow up visit before December 1996. Main outcome measures were infection with HIV-1 and reported risk behaviours. Results: During 1815 person years of observation among 657 female sex workers who were free of HIV infection (negative test), 16 women developed the HIV infection (incidence rate of HIV infection = 8.8 cases/1000 woman years, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.4-14.4). Reported current use of injecting drugs at the first visit was associated with an increased risk of HIV infection (relative risk, RR=12.87, 95%CI: 4.81-34.15) as well as having an usual partner with injecting drug addiction (RR=20.89, 95%CI: 7.44-58.70). Infection also was associated with younger age (RR for 1 year=0.86, 95%CI: 0.76-0.96). After multivariate adjustment using Poisson regression analysis, the factors that remained significantly associated with the risk of HIV infection were current use of injecting drugs (RR= 4.61, 95%CI: 1.37-15.46), and having a usual partner with injecting drug addiction (RR=10.08, 95%CI: 2.94-34.57). There was also some evidence that a younger age could be related to infection. Conclusion: These data suggest that the risk of HIV infection among this cohort of female sex workers in Alicante is predominately associated with the use of injecting drugs, and having a regular partner with injecting drug addiction. An increasing number of clients did not play a role in the risk of infection. (Sex Transm Inf 1998;74:284-288)

Longer exposure to AZT/3TC, regardless of whether in combination with PI or NNRTI, as well as increased age and male gender are independently associated with lower limb fat mass.

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