Non-marketable crops are increasingly being used as a tool to promote agroecosystem services and sustainable agriculture. Nevertheless, crops vary greatly in the traits by which they capture resources and influence the local ecosystem. Here we report on the traits and associated soil microbial communities that relate to aboveground biomass production, nutrient capture, weed suppression, erosion control and building particulate organic matter of 22 different full-season cover crops. All agroecosystem services were positively correlated with maximum canopy height and leaf area. Rooting density was positively associated with indices of bacterial diversity. While some legumes produced the greatest standing N and P in aboveground biomass, they were also poor at capturing soil nitrate and promoted high levels of potential plant fungal pathogens. Conversely, Brassicaceae crops had the lowest levels of potential plant fungal pathogens, but also suppressed saprophytic fungi and rhizobia. Thus, not all crops are equal in their ability to promote all agroecosystem services, and while some crops may be ideal for promoting a specific agroecosystem service, this could result in a trade-off with another. Nonetheless, our study demonstrates that plant functional traits are informative for the selection of crops for promoting agroecosystem services.
2008. Evaluation of fresh and aged clam processing wastes as potential agricultural liming materials for coastal area vegetable production soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 88: 559Á569. Clam canning in New Brunswick generates 1800 t of clam processing wastes (CPW) annually. Thirty-year-old stockpiles of CPW must now be remediated to satisfy environmental regulations. This study examined fresh and aged CPW as potential agricultural liming materials for acid coastal vegetable production soils. Clam processing wastes were ground to three size fractions (B0.250 mm, 0.250 to B1.00 mm, 1.00 to B2.00 mm) and analyzed for calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE). They were then mixed with two soils of contrasting textures at three rates, in duplicate, and then placed in a control-plusfactorial pot experiment, with commercial agricultural lime of fine texture (B0.250 mm) as reference. During an 8-wk incubation, soil water pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were monitored biweekly. At 4 and 8 wk, a soil extract germination test was conducted using cress (Lepidium sativum L.) as an indicator plant. CPW of B1 mm raised soil pH with effectiveness increasing as particle size decreased. Application rates in function of the fineness to induce a given pH change (DpH) could be obtained using prediction graphs with high coefficients of determination (r 2 : 0.84 to 0.97). The average EC in all treatments to the end of the incubation period was B2 dS m(1 , indicating that salt stress is not a risk following CPW application to soil, since even sensitive crops are capable of withstanding such an EC. Seeding could take place between 4 and 8 wk after the CPW application to loamy sand with no adverse effect on germination index. In the loam soil, this period could safely be shortened.Key words: Clam, liming, soil pH, soil EC, cress, germination index Owen, J., LeBlanc, S., Toner, P., Nduwamungu, C. et Fava, E. 2008. É valuation des re´sidus de transformation des myes, frais et vieux, comme mate´riel de chaulage pour des sols coˆtiers utilise´s pour la production de cultures maraıˆche`res. Can. J. Soil Sci. 88: 559Á569. La mise en conserve des myes au Nouveau-Brunswick ge´ne`re chaque anne´e 1 800 tonnes me´triques de re´sidus de transformation des myes (RTM). On doit aujourd'hui assainir des piles de RTM datant d'il y a une trentaine d'anne´es pour satisfaire a`la re´glementation sur l'environnement. La pre´sente e´tude examine la possibilite´d'utiliser des RTM, frais et vieux, comme mate´riel de chaulage des sols coˆtiers acides servant a`la production maraıˆche`re. Des RTM ont e´te´broye´s en trois fractions granulome´triques (B0,250 mm, 0,250 a`B1,00 mm, 1,00 a`B2,00 mm), puis ont fait l'objet d'analyses visant la de´termination d'e´quivalents de carbonate de calcium (CCE). On les a ensuite me´lange´s, en duplicats, ad eux sols de texture diffe´rente, a`trois doses, dans un plan expe´rimental factoriel en pots incluant comme re´fe´rence la chaux agricole commerciale a`texture fine ( B0,250 mm). Au cours d'une incubation de huit semaines, on a surve...
Privé, J.-P., Cline, J. and Fava, E. 2006. Influence of prohexadione calcium (Apogee ® ) on shoot growth of non-bearing mature apple trees in two different growing regions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 86: [227][228][229][230][231][232][233]. Orchard experiments were conducted on mature non-bearing apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees to determine the efficacy of prohexadione-calcium (PC), formulated as Apogee ® [27.5% PC + 56.1% (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 +16.4% other proprietary additives] for shoot growth control on six cultivars grown in Ontario (ON) and one grown in New Brunswick (NB), Canada. Seasonal patterns of extension shoot growth among cultivars in both locations were also compared. Results indicate that PC applications are most effective at the beginning of the season, when relative growth rates were greatest in eastern Canada. Four applications of PC failed to significantly reduce shoot growth more than two applications in either location. However, the level of control might have been more effective in ON if treatment applications were initiated earlier in the season. Although tree vigor and shoot growth differed between cultivars and locations, PC significantly and consistently reduced shoot growth and relative shoot growth rates for all cultivars at both locations. Empire shoots treated with PC were approximately 33 and 37% shorter at the end of the season in NB and ON, respectively.Key words: Calcium 3-oxido-5-oxo-4-propionylcyclohex-3-enecarboxylate, anti-giberellin, plant growth regulator, relative growth rate, Malus Privé, J.-P., Cline, J. et Fava, E. 2006. Influence de la prohexadione calcique (Apogee ® ) sur la croissance des pousses de pommier mature non en production dans deux régions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 86: 227-233. Les auteurs ont effectué des expériences au verger sur des pommiers matures non en production (Malus × domestica Borkh.) en vue d'établir dans quelle mesure la prohexadione calcique (PC), en l'occurrence le produit Apogee ® (27,5 % PC + 56,1 % (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 + 16,4 % autres additifs exclusifs), permet de contrôler la croissance des pousses de sept variétés, soit six cultivées en Ontario (ON) et une autre au Nouveau-Brunswick (NB), au Canada. Les auteurs ont aussi comparé les variations saisonnières de la croissance des pousses d'extension pour ces cultivars, aux deux endroits. Les résultats indiquent que les applications de PC sont plus efficaces en début de saison, quand le taux de croissance relatif est le plus élevé, dans l'est du Canada. Quatre applications de PC n'ont pas permis de réduire la croissance des pousses significativement plus que l'ont fait deux applications à l'un et à l'autre endroit. Il se peut néanmoins que les applications aient été plus efficaces en Ontario, car elles ont été effectuées plus tôt dans la saison. Bien que la vigueur des arbres et la croissance des pousses diffèrent d'un cultivar et d'un lieu à l'autre, la PC a toujours réduit significativement la croissance des pousses et le taux de croissance relatif de ces dernières pour l'ensemble des cultivars aux deux e...
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