Fipronil (FPN) is a pesticide that belongs to the phenylpyrazole chemical group. It is an insecticide with widespread use in the control of many agricultural and domestic pests (Badgujar et al., 2017). The usage of FPN has increased considerably as it is replacing conventional pesticides, such as organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids insecticides, which become less effective against resistant pest strains (Narahashi et al., 2010).

Background: Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) is a prominent agricultural insect pest that has developed resistance to a variety of insecticide classes. In this study, the resistance of three field strains of S. littoralis, collected over three consecutive seasons (2018 to 2020) from three Egyptian Governorates (El-Fayoum, Behera and Kafr El-Shiekh), to six insecticides was monitored. Methods: Laboratory bioassays were carried out using the leaf-dipping method to examine the susceptibility of the laboratory and field strains to the tested insecticides. Activities of detoxification enzymes were determined in an attempt to identify resistance mechanisms. Results: The results showed that LC50 values of the field strains ranged from 0.0089 to 132.24 mg/L, and the corresponding resistance ratio (RR) ranged from 0.17 to 4.13-fold compared with the susceptible strain. Notably, low resistance developed to spinosad in all field strains, and very low resistance developed to alpha-cypermethrin and chlorpyrifos. On the other hand, no resistance developed to methomyl, hexaflumeron or Bacillus thuringiensis. The determination of detoxification enzymes, including carboxylesterases (α- and β-esterase), mixed function oxidase (MFO) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), or the target site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), revealed that the three field strains had significantly different activity levels compared with the susceptible strain. Conclusion: Our findings, along with other tactics, are expected to help with the resistance management of S. littoralis in Egypt.

Median lethal dose of Claciferol (Vitamin D) against albino mice Mus musculus was estimated. Calciferol could be classified as a highly toxic compound to albino mice as its LD50 values to the (immature and adult) were 47 and 60 mg/kg, respectively. Three doses representing 1/10, 1/20 and 1/30 of the LD50 were administered orally for 2 weeks.In treated animals the rate of body weight gain, water and food consumption were decreased clearly at 1/10 LD50 of Calciferol than other doses. Similarly, organs weight/body weight ratio was lower than that observed in nontreated animals.Calcium, phosphorus and cholesterol levels were affected. The tissuespecific enzymes alkaline phosphates (AP), the amount of urea, creatinine and total proteins of serum, liver and kidney were significantly increased.

The preseni ini'estication u'as carried out to study the effrcacv of ceftain mincr,r oirs. neem exlract {-4;utlirachta ittdici,J J"r^r;;;; pirirnicarb irrsecr-icide against nrurphs and adurts oiu "r,o""ptit io strain of ,lpkis craccr,o'a Koch. -foxiciry,rines of'the three minerai oiis (sr-rper-nrisronaR. slrokre.nalr and KzR oilr.l u, r.rcil i,rs ,eem extract and pirirnicarb rvere deterrnilred b1, using thin io1,"r te.nnii,," * p",.i dishes tbr 24 lrour exposurc perit-ids.T]re mi,eral oirs, neenr extract and piri,ricarb *ere evarrratecl usins the [-c1., anci LC5s for each ccmpornJ. ] lr,, ohtained dati show tirat thc high concentrations of neeni cxtract" mineral oils and pirimicarb causcd decrease in rhe acri'ities of chorinest"ru.. filr;. acid phosphates (Acp) and rotiil prc)reins in the nymphs and oO,-,lt, of A. craccit'ora. rhe biorogicai crlbcts of the l.ive'materiais u.cier in'estigatioll \\'erc tcstcd ., cggs and second instar rarvae of the predator (lhrr'.u4terlu c:lrnea Steph. Eggs treaied with Super-rnisr,na and piri'"'rica'h shou'ed. a high p".."ntug" of iratching. fLr.frigfr.r, lai'r'al mofialiry occu;'red in the case,li'thJsec.,-xrci irstar la*,ae treatetl -127--12Eivithpirimicarbatrdthelowestr"asinthosetreatedwithShokronaoils and neem extraci-Key worrls: &cP, ,4pltis truccivorl, Azadirachtu indica' che' Chrysoperla cat'Ytetl. proteins, and toxicitr.

The comparative efficacy of methomyl 20% SL and diazinon 60% EC insecticides used as baits or contact poison were studied against different ages of Eobania vermiculata. The LC50 and LC90 values of each compound were determine for the different ages(one, three, six, 9-12 months and over 24 months) of Eobania vermiculata.Serial concentrations of each compound were tested against land snail E. vermiculata using baiting and contact thin layer film (TLF) techniques. Mortality percentages were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 h., respectively. Methomyl was more toxic for E. vermiculata than diazinon, when used as poison bait at all different ages. Regarding the contact method, diazinon was more toxic to E. vermiculata at the threemonth and (over 24 months) ages. Methomyl was more repellency to different ages of E. vermiculata than diazinon. The biochemical response of different ages (one, three, six, 9-12 month and over 24 months) of E. vermiculata treated with LC50 of methomyl and diazinon compounds was also evaluated. Acetyl cholinesterase response of the three and six month's individuals differed with the rest ages to both compounds. The response of LDH and AST was obviously affected by the age of tested individuals and also application time. The effect of methomyl and diazinon on total protein and total lipids in the different ages fluctuated intervals of periods after treatment in different ages. Generally, it could be concluded that the response and susceptibility of tested snail to methomyl and diazinon differed according to different parameters i.e. chemical structure of pesticides, method of application, snail ages and time after treatment.