When volume of exercise is controlled, higher intensities of exercise are more effective for improving VO2max than lower intensities of exercise in healthy, young adults.

The purpose of this study was to assess kinematic lower extremity motion patterns (hip flexion, knee flexion, knee valgus, and ankle dorsiflexion) during various foot-landing techniques (self-preferred, forefoot, and rear foot) between genders. 3-D kinematics were collected on 50 (25 male and 25 female) college-age recreational athletes selected from a sample of convenience. Separate repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to analyze each variable at three time instants (initial contact, peak vertical ground reaction force, and maximum knee flexion angle). There were no significant differences found between genders at the three instants for each variable. At initial contact, the forefoot technique (35.79° ± 11.78°) resulted in significantly (p= .001) less hip flexion than did the self-preferred (41.25° ± 12.89°) and rear foot (43.15° ± 11.77°) techniques. At peak vertical ground reaction force, the rear foot technique (26.77° ± 9.49°) presented significantly lower (p= .001) knee flexion angles as compared with forefoot (58.77° ± 20.00°) and self-preferred (54.21° ± 23.78°) techniques. A significant difference for knee valgus angles (p= .001) was also found between landing techniques at peak vertical ground reaction force. The self-preferred (4.12° ± 7.51°) and forefoot (4.97° ± 7.90°) techniques presented greater knee varus angles as compared with the rear foot technique (0.08° ± 6.52°). The rear foot technique created more ankle dorsiflexion and less knee flexion than did the other techniques. The lack of gender differences can mean that lower extremity injuries (e.g., ACL tears) may not be related solely to gender but may instead be associated with the landing technique used and, consequently, the way each individual absorbs jump-landing energy.

Objectives-To study the eVects of a supervised, intensive (85% of one repetition maximum (1-RM)) 14 week resistance training programme on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women. Subjects-Twenty four women (mean (SD) age 27 (7) years) took part in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a non-exercising control group or a resistance exercise training group. The resistance exercise training group took part in supervised 45-50 minute resistance training sessions (85% of 1-RM), three days a week on non-consecutive days for 14 weeks. The control group did not take part in any structured physical activity. Conclusions-These findings suggest that resistance training has a favourable eVect on lipid profile and body fat percentage in healthy, sedentary, premenopausal women. (Br J Sports Med 1999;33:190-195) Keywords: weight training; cholesterol; women; triglycerides; strength Hyperlipidaemia is a well documented risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and is the leading cause of death in men and women in the United States. Results-Two1 2 Several epidemiological studies have shown that low concentrations of total serum cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, as well as a normal body fat percentage, are associated with decreased cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality.3-6 Considerable research has also been devoted to the eVect of exercise on lipid metabolism. Regular physical activity has been shown to improve lipid and glucose metabolism by increasing insulin sensitivity and serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and decreasing serum LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.6-8 Acute exercise has also been shown to improve lipid profiles.9-13 Therefore, the therapeutic eVect of exercise is a widely recognised strategy to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.The eVect of aerobic exercise on serum lipids has been the focus of most study. Favourable changes in triglycerides, LDL and HDL cholesterol have been reported in men after acute aerobic exercise 12-14 and chronic endurance training. 4 The eVect of aerobic exercise on lipid metabolism in women, who have higher HDL cholesterol than men, 15 16 has been less studied. In one study of women no change was seen in HDL cholesterol after aerobic training. 17Many women take part in resistance training, either as a supplement or alternative to aerobic training. High intensity resistance training has been reported to improve body composition and strength, [18][19][20] with no significant change in aerobic capacity.7 8 21 22 The eVect of acute 10 and chronic 22-24 resistance training on lipid metabolism has been studied less than aerobic training, but there are reports of improved lipid profiles in both men and women after high intensity resistance training. [22][23][24] However, there is a dearth of well controlled studies on the eVect of resistance training on lipid metabolism in premenopausal women. Reductions in total and LDL cholesterol have been reported in premenopausal wom...

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