A double-blind, parallel group trial of a 1 mg sodium cromoglycate metered dose inhaler, a 5 mg formulation and a placebo aerosol was undertaken in 139 asthmatic patients with extrinsic allergic asthma. None of the patients had previously been treated with sodium cromoglycate and few (15%) were familiar with the use of a pressurized aerosol device. Each test treatment was taken at a dose of 2 'puffs' 4-times per day for a period of 12 weeks. Response to treatment was assessed by analysis of symptom scores, medication usage and 3-times daily home measurements of PEFR recorded on diary cards, and by assessment of asthma severity and lung function in the clinic at the beginning and end of a 2-week baseline period and at intervals of 3 weeks throughout the trial. Analysis of patient-generated data (symptom scores and PEFR) demonstrated statistically significant differences in favour of each active treatment compared with placebo treatment. Clinic assessments of asthma severity and the investigator's opinion of treatment also showed the superiority of each sodium cromoglycate treatment regimen over placebo. These differences were statistically significant after 9 weeks (high dose) and 12 weeks (both doses). No statistically significant differences were demonstrated between the two active treatment groups in the clinic assessments of asthma severity, or in the home or clinic measurements of PEFR. There was, however, a consistent trend in favour of the higher dose formulation with respect to diary card symptom scores. In general, improvement in the low-dose sodium cromoglycate treatment group was slower than in the high-dose group suggesting an advantage for the 5 mg sodium cromoglycate inhaler in terms of onset of therapeutic response. The results indicate that sodium cromoglycate administered by pressurized aerosol at a dose of 2 x 1 mg or 2 x 5 mg 4-times daily is effective in the treatment of asthma and suggest that the higher dose formulation may provide more rapid control of symptoms.
Durante la ocurrencia de El Niño Costero 2017, en la bahía del Callao se instalaron dos trampas de sedimento (mecánica y automática) a 30 y 40 m de profundidad para obtener muestras e información de los flujos de material particulado en el subsistema bentónico. La trampa mecánica (30 m) registró acumulación equivalente a 6,46 cm/año; la automática, entre el 20 y 29 de marzo 2017, recolectó 8.777,9 mg.m-2día-1, asociados a las máximas descargas del río Rímac. En el área somera, donde estuvieron las trampas, y en la plataforma continental adyacente (96 m de profundidad) testigos de sedimentos no perturbados (recolectados entre 2017 y 2018) se destinaron para determinar i) el contenido orgánico del primer centímetro superficial del sedimento durante y después de los máximos aportes fluviales del río a la bahía y, ii) los cambios en la estructura sedimentaria así como del contenido terrígeno en los sedimentos, empleando el nivel gris de las radiografías de los testigos de sedimentos. Estos testigos mostraron acumulación de hasta 4 cm de sedimento durante el 2017 y 2018 así como efectos de bioturbación y erosión por las corrientes. A 94 m de profundidad fue formada y preservada una lámina de 1 cm de espesor, color marrón oliva claro a marrón oliva con alta razón de carbono total y nitrógeno total (CT/NT) (12,19 en febrero, 10,26 en abril), que denotan el origen terrestre de la materia orgánica en contraste con la razón CT/NT de 4,88 encontrada en agosto. Elalto contenido de partículas de origen terrígeno (que está asociado al color claro de esa lámina) se explica por el aporte de sedimentos acarreados por los extraordinarios caudales del río Rímac. La información obtenida de los proxies tales como el espesor de esta lámina formada durante El Niño Costero 2017 y sus características preservadas en la ‘capa fangosa de la plataforma’ o Shelf mud layer, influenciada por la Zona de Mínimo Oxígeno, puede ser aplicada para calibrar proxies de reconstrucción de pasados episodios de erosión fluvial causados por extremas precipitaciones en la cuenca del río Rímac.
The safety, acceptability and efficacy of nedocromil sodium, given by metered dose inhaler at a dosage of 4 mg four times daily, were investigated in a 52-week open assessment study of 79 perennial bronchial asthmatic patients maintained on oral bronchodilator therapy. Extensive laboratory monitoring of renal, hepatic and haematological functions before, during and at the end of the study failed to provide any evidence of drug-induced toxic effects. Nedocromil sodium was well tolerated with no serious adverse effects reported. Nineteen patients were withdrawn from the study, two complaining of sore throats and one of severe cough after nearly 1 year of treatment. The remainder were withdrawn because of intolerance to theophylline (one patient), non-cooperation (three), relocation outside the trial area (seven), onset of uncontrolled asthma (two) and pregnancy (three patients). Although this was an open assessment study, analysis of the diary card measurements and clinic assessments indicated that nedocromil sodium is an effective long-term therapy in the maintenance treatment of bronchial asthma.
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